In the past 10 years, neuroendoscopic techniques have developed rapidly, matured and improved, and their applications have been expanded. Hydrocephalus and pituitary tumor are two good indications for neuroendoscopic surgery. Compared with traditional surgery, endoscopic surgery is more delicate, less painful, and more effective. Neuroendoscopy is a pair of “wise eyes” for doctors Neuroendoscopy is a pair of “wise eyes” brought to our neurosurgeons by modern science and technology. As a minimally invasive technique, neuroendoscopic surgery cannot be performed without high-tech equipment and special instruments. Compared with the operating microscope, the neuroendoscope has three advantages: 1) the endoscopic tube itself can have a lateral view, which can eliminate the dead angle of the intraoperative field of view and make the surgery more delicate and effective; 2) when reaching the lesion, a panoramic field of view can be obtained, and the lesion can be “close-up” and the image can be magnified to identify the important nerves and blood vessels on the side and around the lesion 3. The angled endoscope can show some corners of the pontocerebellar horn and basal pool that cannot be reached by the operating microscope. Operating under the direct vision of neuroendoscope can avoid bleeding caused by blind puncture. What diseases are suitable for neuroendoscopic treatment? At present, there are mainly 3 types of neuroendoscopic applications in neurosurgery: 1. Simple endoscopic surgery: special instruments are used to complete the surgery through the endoscopic canal lumen. For example, hydrocephalus triple ventriculostomy, arachnoid cyst removal and intracerebroventricular lesion removal, etc.; 2. Endoscopic-guided locked-hole surgery: microscopic instruments are applied outside the endoscopic canal through a small bone window under endoscopic guidance, such as neuroendoscopic removal of pituitary adenoma through a single nostril, deep brain resection of small substantial tumors, etc.; 3. Endoscopic-assisted microscopic neurosurgery: the combination of conventional microsurgery with the application of Neuroendoscopy can expand the scope of exposure, increase the rate of total resection, reduce complications, and greatly expand the indications for neuroendoscopy, such as endoscopic-assisted aneurysm clamping, auditory neuroma or cholesteatoma removal, microvascular decompression of cranial nerve diseases, and other skull base surgeries. Diseases in which neuroendoscopic treatment has advantages include: 1. Hydrocephalus: obstructive hydrocephalus, some traffic hydrocephalus, complex hydrocephalus, etc. In infants and children with hydrocephalus, if shunts are performed, there are many postoperative complications, and as the child grows up, another surgery is needed to replace the shunt. Neuroendoscopic surgery is less traumatic, more effective, and does not require placement and replacement of shunts; 2. Intracerebroventricular cysts, cerebral cysticercosis, cerebral abscess, and ventriculitis can be treated with neuroendoscopic surgery; 3. Intracranial arachnoid cysts: lateral split arachnoid cysts, occipital pool cysts, and suprasellar cysts, among which suprasellar cysts are often misdiagnosed as hydrocephalus and treated with shunts, and the cysts continue to increase in size after surgery and the condition worsens; and Endoscopic surgery is used to open the cyst wall under the endoscope using a 3cm diameter bone window to completely relieve hydrocephalus; 4. pituitary tumors: most pituitary tumors can be removed by endoscopic transnasal approach, and the intraoperative operations are performed under endoscopic surveillance, which is safer than microsurgery, with a high rate of total tumor resection, less trauma, no need to fill the nasal cavity, and less postoperative pain for the patient; 5. slope chordoma, Lathyrcter’s cyst Brain tumors: some intracranial gliomas can be removed by endoscopic surgery, and cholesteatoma is more conducive to complete removal under endoscopy. Some cystic tumors, such as hemangioblastoma, glial cyst and craniopharyngioma, can also be removed endoscopically; 7, chronic subdural hematoma, ventricular hemorrhage and cerebral hemorrhage: compared with traditional surgery, the surgery is less invasive and has fewer postoperative complications; 8, trigeminal neuralgia, hemifacial spasm, intractable vertigo and glossopharyngeal neuralgia can be neurovascularly decompressed endoscopically; 9, Chiari malformation: that is, cerebellar submandibular herniation malformation. In some patients with hydrocephalus, a third ventriculostomy can be performed; in others, endoscopic decompression of the occipital foramen magnum can be performed with minimal trauma and rapid postoperative recovery.