1, the historical origin of the name of Parkinson’s disease Parkinson’s disease, also known as PD, is a chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system, which can impair motor function, speech and other functions of patients, and can cause patients to lose their ability to work and live and bring heavy stress to their families. In the 19th century, Dr. James Parkinson, an Englishman, discovered this neurological syndrome in England in 1817, and found that some patients could not control their tremors at all, and that they had reduced muscle strength, leaned forward, started with a running gait, but had normal intelligence and senses, and were prone to falls and stumbles. In 1817, Parkinson’s doctors made the first detailed medical history public through clinical observation, and named the disease “tremor palsy” according to the clinical symptoms. Subsequently, Dr. Charcot, a leading French neurologist, added the term “myotonic signs” to “tremor palsy”. To commemorate Dr. Parkinson’s contribution to the understanding of the disease, later generations called the disease “Parkinson’s disease” and designated April 11, the birthday of Dr. James Parkinson, as “World Parkinson’s Day”. 2, the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease The main lesion of Parkinson’s disease is striatal nigrostriatal degeneration, but the cause of degeneration is not clear, it is presumed that it may be related to the rapid degeneration of the nucleus basalis and nigrostriatal brain cells at the base of the brain, unable to produce enough neurotransmitters dopamine and choline enhanced action. The brain requires sufficient dopamine to direct activity, and lack of sufficient dopamine produces various activity disorders. Dopaminergic neurons decline with age, with 13% of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons dying every 10 years in normal individuals. When dopaminergic neurons are reduced to 80%, Parkinson’s symptoms are manifested. Therefore Parkinson’s disease is commonly seen in the elderly. Abnormal metabolism of dopamine can also cause Parkinson’s symptoms. The breakdown of dopamine is catalyzed by monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol oxygen methyltransferase (COMT). Increased activity of both of these enzymes causes a decrease in dopamine in the brain, and the oxygen free radicals produced during metabolism also cause damage to neuronal cells. It is generally believed that Parkinson’s disease has little genetic correlation, but it has been reported that 15% of patients have at least one member of their family with Parkinson’s disease, and in 1996 a famous family in the field of Parkinson’s disease, “The Iowa Family”, was discovered in the United States. This family is a large family located in Iowa, USA. 200 members of this family with Parkinson’s disease were followed and analyzed, from the ancestors of the family in the 19th century down to the patients when medical records began in 1914. DNA was then extracted from blood samples of this generation, and the entire genome was tested and genes associated with Parkinson’s disease were identified, and the genes responsible for Parkinson’s disease were found in their family. In addition to the above mentioned aging, abnormal dopamine metabolism, and genetic correlation, Parkinson’s disease is also associated with neurotoxic MPTP (present in heroin and herbicides), altered basal ganglia neurochemistry, basal nucleus loops, and neurotransmitter function. 3, the distribution of patients with Parkinson’s disease Parkinson’s disease is the fourth more common neurodegenerative disease in the elderly, occurring mostly in middle-aged and elderly people over 50-60 years of age, but there are also familial and juvenile Parkinson’s disease in the genetic typology. The American Parkinson’s Disease Association (APDA) calls people who start the disease at an age younger than 40 years young with Parkinson’s disease. The disease is a global disease, but there are regional and ethnic differences in its occurrence, with the highest incidence in Caucasians, followed by yellow and the lowest in blacks. The prevalence rate is 106-307 per 100,000 people in Western countries, 44-82 in Asia, and 31-58 in Africa. The prevalence of Parkinson’s disease increases with age. For every 100,000 people, there are 5 people under the age of 54, 32 people aged 55-64, 113 people aged 65-74, and 254 people aged 75-84. There are currently about 2 million people in the country with Parkinson’s disease. It is still increasing at the rate of 100,000 per year. Current information shows that the incidence of Parkinson’s disease in the population of men than women. Men and women are about 3:2. 4, Parkinson’s disease and Parkinson’s syndrome The main pathology of Parkinson’s disease is the degeneration of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain, so that it can not produce enough dopamine and the onset of the disease. Parkinson’s syndrome is an extrapyramidal movement disorder similar to Parkinson’s disease caused by various causes other than Parkinson’s disease, including motor retardation with tonicity and resting tremor. There are many causes of Parkinson’s syndrome. Common causes include cerebrovascular disease, traumatic brain injury, intracranial inflammation, brain tumors, multisystem atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal ganglion degeneration, Alzheimer’s disease (dementia), hepatomegaly, Huntington’s disease, multisystem degeneration, hydrocephalus, or caused by toxic drugs, etc. Therefore, Parkinson’s syndrome is also called Parkinson’s disease is called “secondary Parkinson’s disease”, while Parkinson’s disease is called “primary Parkinson’s disease”.