Ureteral cysts are cystic dilatations of the end of the ureter. The diaphragm between the ureter and the urogenital sinus is not absorbed during embryonic development, resulting in varying degrees of narrowing of the ureteral orifice, or it may be caused by a weak fibrous structure of the end of the ureter or a long, curved path of the intermural segment, resulting in cystic dilatation of the ureter after urinary impact and protruding into the bladder. In early cases, the disease may be clinically asymptomatic and is often detected during the diagnosis of severe renal malformations. Symptoms are mainly urinary tract obstruction, causing recurrent urinary tract infections. Due to the tiny opening of the cyst, persistent obstruction of the ureteral orifice can lead to ureteral and renal hydrops, loss of renal function, difficulty in urination or interruption of urine flow due to the cyst blocking the neck of the bladder, and recurrent urinary tract infections. Sometimes the girl’s cyst can be detached from the urethra through the bladder neck and urethra, which can usually be reset on its own. However, it can also become embedded and become a purple mass. The principle of treatment is to relieve obstruction, prevent reflux, and deal with complications. If the affected side of the upper half of the kidney is dysfunctional, half nephrectomy can be done. About 20~25% of cases still have symptoms after surgery, and then deal with the cyst. If the affected kidney has good function, ureterocystectomy and anti-reflux ureterocyst reimplantation can be performed. Ureteral cysts are caused by congenital narrowing or functional contracture of the ureteral orifice and underdevelopment of the ureteral wall, resulting in the formation of a cyst in each layer of the lower end of the ureter that protrudes into the bladder. Therefore, the outer layer of the cyst is the mucosa of the bladder, the inner layer is the mucosa of the ureter, and between the two is a very thin layer of ureteral muscle. According to the position of the ureteral orifice in relation to the cyst, it is divided into simple type and ectopic type. In the former, the ureteral orifice is slightly offset from the normal position, and the cyst is often small, with little impact, and is most common in adults, also known as the adult type. Ectopic ureteral cysts are usually larger and complicated by double ureteral malformation of the heavy kidneys. The two ureters penetrate the muscularis propria of the bladder at the usual site, and the ureter of the lower kidney opens in the bladder triangle, while the ureter with ureteral cysts draining the upper kidney is located in the submucous layer and opens in the neck of the bladder or in the posterior urethra. Clinically, there are also cases between the two types. The most common clinical manifestations are dilated upper urinary tract effusion and urinary tract infection. Upper urinary tract obstruction due to poor urine flow. Chwalle’s membrane temporarily separates the ureteric buds and urogenital sinuses 37 days after fertilization of the egg, leading to the disease when dissolution of Chwalle’s membrane is incomplete. In addition, abnormal development of the ureteral muscle in the bladder wall segment can also cause the disease. The diagnosis can be made on imaging; B-mode ultrasonography may show a thin-walled cystic mass in the bladder. Intravenous urography typically shows a “snake’s head” bulge at the end of the ureter, with or without dilated hydronephrosis, or in combination with duplication of the ureter. Cystoscopy shows a cystic dilatation of the ureteral opening, which is pinpointed and shrinks with ureteral peristalsis. The principle of treatment for ureteral cysts is to relieve the obstruction, deal with complications, and prevent vesico-ureteric reflux. Patients with asymptomatic small ureteral orifice cysts can be followed up and reviewed regularly, while patients with hydronephrosis and secondary urinary tract infections or concomitant stones should be aggressively treated with surgery. Surgical treatment of ureteral orifice cysts is still the first choice. Some scholars believe that for simple ureteral orifice cysts with a diameter of <3.0 cm, without obvious ectopic, and without obvious hydronephrosis and urinary tract infection or ureteral reflux, transureteral endoluminal surgical treatment can be chosen. For symptomatic ureteral orifice cysts ≤3.0cm in diameter, transurethral electrodesiccation is appropriate, which can utilize the cyst wall as a living flap to resist reflux. When the diameter of the cyst is >3.0cm, the mechanism of resisting reflux decreases, and transurethral electrodesiccation of the cyst wall can cause reflux, and an open procedure should be used to perform ureteral reimplantation to resist reflux. With the extensive development of minimally invasive technology, transurethral ureteral orifice cyst electrocision should be the first choice, and it is simple and easy to perform.