I. Renal diseases (1) Renal cancer 1. Surgical incision: delayed infection, incisional hernia, thread reaction, local discomfort, permanent scar, etc.; 2. Tumor recurrence: outpatient rechecking every 3-6 months; 3. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, etc., for 2 weeks after operation; 4. If radical surgery for renal cancer is done, there is only one kidney, attention should be paid to protect it in case of renal failure; 5. If surgery is done via abdominal operation, there may be intestinal adhesion, and attention should be paid to diet in order to prevent bowel obstruction; 7. Others. Attention should be paid to diet to prevent intestinal obstruction; 6. If bit renal pelvis cancer, bladder should be instilled with anticancer drugs, with preventing recurrence; 7. Others. (II) Renal cysts 1. Surgical incision: delayed infection, incisional hernia, thread reaction, local discomfort, permanent scar, etc.; 2. If transabdominal surgery, there may be intestinal adhesion, and attention should be paid to diet to prevent intestinal obstruction; 3. Cysts may recur, and renal carcinoma may also occur; 4. Others. (C) Kidney stones 1, surgical incision: delayed infection, incisional hernia, thread reaction, local discomfort, permanent scar, etc. may occur; 2, stone recurrence: outpatient review every 3-6 months to find new stones for early treatment; 3, it is recommended to go to the higher level of hospitals for analysis of the composition of stones for prevention; 4, if nephrectomy is done with one kidney only, attention should be paid to the protection to prevent renal failure; 5. If transabdominal surgery, there may be intestinal adhesion, attention should be paid to diet to prevent intestinal obstruction; 6. Drink plenty of water; 7. Others. (D) renal trauma 1, surgical incision: delayed infection, incisional hernia, thread reaction, local discomfort, permanent scar, etc.; 2, if nephrectomy, only one kidney, pay attention to protect against renal failure; 3, if transabdominal surgery, there may be intestinal adhesions, attention should be paid to the diet, in order to prevent the occurrence of intestinal obstruction; 4, if the conservative cure, discharged from the hospital to rest for 1 month, after one month, to come to the hospital to re-examination; 5, other . (E) renal colic 1, if undiagnosed, must diagnose the cause of renal colic; 2, if kidney stones and hydronephrosis, should be treated in time to prevent further aggravation of renal function damage; 3, renal stones can cause hematuria, infection, and even induce tumors, and must be treated; 4, drink plenty of water, and jumping diligently; 5, if the stones are excluded from the urethra, must be preserved for analysis of the composition of the stone, so as to facilitate the square Stone recurrence; 6. Others II. Ureteral Diseases (I) Ureteral Stone Surgery 1. Surgical incision: delayed infection, incisional hernia, thread reaction, local discomfort, permanent scars, etc.; 2. Stone recurrence: outpatient reexamination every 3-6 months to find new stones for early treatment; 3. It is recommended to go to the higher level of hospitals to have the stone composition analyzed in order to prevent ; 4. Hydrocele does not get better after surgery; 5. If transabdominal surgery, there may be intestinal adhesion, and attention should be paid to diet to prevent intestinal obstruction from occurring; 6. Drink plenty of water; 7. Others. (B) Relief of renal colic after conservative treatment of ureteral calculi 1, if not diagnosed, must determine whether the renal colic caused by ureteral calculi, suggest further examination such as CT KUB IVP, etc.; 2, if the ureteral calculi cause hydronephrosis, it should be treated in time to prevent further aggravation of renal impairment; 3, ureteral calculi can cause hematuria, infection, ureteral stenosis, and even induce tumors, it must be Treatment; 4, drink more water, hard jumping; 5, if the stone excluded from the urethra, must be saved, stone composition analysis, in order to facilitate the recurrence of square stones; 6, other (c) ureteral stones after lithotripsy 1, drink more water, hard jumping; 2, antibiotics to prevent infections; 3, retention of urine to see if the discharge of the stone; 4, if there is a stone specimen, it is recommended that a stone composition analysis; 5, the application of spasmodic stone removing drugs; 6, a week after the follow-up clinic. After a week of outpatient review. (D) after ureteral anastomosis 1, surgical incision: delayed infection, incisional hernia, thread reaction, local discomfort, permanent scars, etc.; 2, if there is a double J-tube, it should be removed under cystoscopy in 3 months after the operation; 3, there is still a possibility of ureteral stenosis; 4, hydrocele does not get better after the operation; 5, urinary tract infections; 6, ureteral reflux; 7, drink a lot of fluids; 8, regular outpatient review. III. Bladder diseases (I) Postoperative bladder tumor 1. If open surgery, delayed infection, incisional hernia, thread reaction, local discomfort and permanent scar can occur in surgical incision; 2. Regular life and diet, pay attention to diet and hygiene, drink plenty of water, 2000-3000 ml/day, and eat high-protein, high-calorie, high-vitamin and easy-to-digest food to enhance body resistance. Avoid smoking, alcohol, spicy, stimulating food. 3. Take anticancer drugs correctly according to doctor’s prescription, carry out chemotherapy regularly and review white blood cell count regularly. 4. Pay attention to rest, strengthen exercise, combine work and rest, avoid excessive fatigue, live a regular life, avoid excessive activities for 1-2 months after surgery, and do not participate in heavy physical labor. 5, because of the high recurrence rate of the disease, should be closely followed up. Indications for consultation: If there is painless hematuria, frequent urination, urinary urgency, painful urination, swelling of the lower limbs, lumbago and abdominal pain, emaciation and other symptoms, please go to the hospital for consultation. 6.Follow-up timeļ¼Regular review. 7.After cystectomy, keep the skin around the stoma clean and dry, wash it with water every day, if there is eczema, apply zinc oxide ointment, correctly grasp the method of changing the bag, when changing the bag, it is preferable to take a seated position, to prevent the urine from flowing backward and causing retrograde infection, boil and disinfect it once a day, it is better to use disposable urine bag to change it every day, and dump the urine in the bag in a timely manner, in order to prevent the infection. (1) In order to prevent recurrence of tumor, the patient should come to the hospital regularly for intravesical drug instillation, and should pay attention to the water ban 12 hours before instillation. Irrigation time should be once a week for 6 times, then twice a month for 2 months, and once a month for 2 years, and the drug should be kept in the bladder for 2 hours after irrigation. (2) Regular cystoscopy should be performed every 3 months in the first year, then review every 6 months, and then the examination can be extended appropriately according to the condition. (ii) Postoperative bladder rupture 1. Surgical incision: delayed infection, incisional hernia, thread reaction, local discomfort and permanent scar may occur; 2. Reduced bladder capacity; 3. If transabdominal surgery is performed, there may be intestinal adhesion, and attention should be paid to the diet in order to prevent intestinal obstruction from occurring; 4. Occurrence of bladder stones; 5. Drinking plenty of water; 6. Others. IV Prostate disease (a) transcystic partial resection of prostatic hyperplasia 1. Surgical incision: delayed infection, incisional hernia, thread reaction, local discomfort, permanent scar, etc. may occur; 2. recurrence may occur; 3. 4 weeks after surgery, urethral dilatation will be performed; 4. Drinking plenty of water, avoiding spicy food, not holding in urine, and avoiding dry bowel movements; 5. not doing hard stools; 6. hematuria, microscopic hematuria, can occur in the first half of the postoperative period; 7, Poor urination or urinary incontinence; 8. Others. (ii) transurethral partial resection of prostatic hyperplasia 1, if the cystostomy, can leave a small permanent scar; 2, recurrence may; 3, 4 weeks after surgery, urethral dilatation; 4, drink more water, avoid spicy, do not hold urine, avoid stool dryness; 5, do not do the hard bench; 6, within six months after surgery, hematuria, microscopic hematuria can occur, and should be hospitalized in case of seriousness; 7, dysuria or urinary incontinence; 8, other. V. Urethral disease Urethral metroplasty and urethral end-to-end anastomosis 1, surgical incision: delayed infection, thread reaction, local discomfort, permanent scar, etc. can occur; 2, postoperative retention of urinary catheter for 6 to 8 weeks; 3, 1 week after the removal of urethral catheter, the urethral dilatation, 1 time a week for a total of 6 weeks. 6 weeks later; discretionary decision on whether to dilate and the interval between dilatation; 4, drink plenty of water, avoid spices, not to hold urine and stools are dry; 5, Do not do hard bench; 6, within six months after surgery, hematuria, microscopic hematuria; 7, dysuria or urinary incontinence; 8, weekly outpatient review. Sixth, scrotal disease scrotal surgery (syringomyelia, swelling fast excision, etc.) 1, surgical incision: delayed infection, thread reaction, local discomfort, permanent scars, etc.; 2, recurrence of the original disease, local hardness; 3, 3 months to 6 months postoperative scrotal swelling; 4, those who are preparing to give birth to a child, do not apply hot compresses; 5, to keep clean at the incision; 6, follow-up after 1 week after discharge from the hospital; 7 other. Seven, urinary stones dietary precautions Urinary stones according to its chemical composition is broadly divided into calcium-containing stones and calcium-containing stones. Calcium-containing stones account for 80-95%, mainly composed of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. In addition to drinking a lot of water, but also according to the composition of the stones to adjust the diet. 1, calcium oxalate stones: avoid eating: carrots, spinach, celery, lettuce, plums, citrus, soy products and chocolate; avoid drinking: black tea, cocoa, beer, cola and so on. 2, calcium phosphate and magnesium ammonium phosphate stones: low calcium phosphate diet and acidic food. It is recommended to control urinary tract infections; avoid eating all dairy products, beans, egg yolks and lemon juice with phosphoric acid, cola, coffee and so on. 3.High urinary calcium stones: It is recommended to adopt an acidic diet and reduce the intake of calcium, and dairy products should not exceed 300cc per day. 4.Uric acid stones: It is recommended to adopt an alkaline diet. Recommended foods: grains should be mainly fine grains; more fresh vegetables and fruits; eggs and milk can be consumed appropriately. Limit protein intake. Foods to avoid: liver, brain, kidney and other animal offal, dried meat, all kinds of broth, gravy, salted or fried food; seafood: mackerel, sardines, whitebait, clams, crabs, etc.; vegetables: spinach, cauliflower, longbeans, beans, and mushrooms; beverages: alcohol, strong tea, coffee, cocoa, etc.; 5, cystinic acid stones: low-methionine acid diet. Eat less meat, eggs and dairy foods. Dietary components on the impact of stones: 1, water: chronic dehydration and insufficient water intake and urinary stone formation is closely related. Increased water intake can reduce the risk of urinary stone formation through a variety of mechanisms. It is recognized that a reasonable amount of water consumption is not less than 2 liters per day, and special attention should be paid to drinking a certain amount of water in the evening, and it is very important to replenish sufficient amount of fluids at night while sleeping. Drinking 2,500ml of fluid per day has been reported to prevent de novo stone formation in hypercalciuric individuals. It is usually recommended to drink 250 ml of water every 4 hours, plus 250 ml with each meal. As for what kind of fluid to drink, the consensus is that a milk-free, less oxalic acid fluid is preferred. Opinions on drinking hard and soft water are still divided, but it has not been proven that hard water is more likely to cause urinary stone formation than soft water. And fluid pathology has confirmed the negative correlation between water hardness and kidney stones. So the amount of water is the key, and must be taken into account both day and night. 2, calcium: It has been proved that the widespread practice of restricting calcium in the diet, not only can not reduce, but will increase the risk of kidney stone formation. Low-calcium diet can promote intestinal oxalate absorption and cause high oxaluria, thus promoting urinary stone formation. Low-calcium diets given to patients with urinary stones have been reported to be often more harmful than normal calcium diets. However, studies have shown that calcium supplementation in postmenopausal women does not increase the risk of stone formation, and even if there is a risk, it only occurs during the first few months of calcium supplementation. It is best to increase water intake during this period. 3, oxalate: Since most urinary stones contain oxalate, so reduce urinary oxalate will certainly reduce the occurrence of urolithiasis. However, most of the ordinary diet of oxalic acid content is small, and the absorption rate is not high, under normal circumstances, the diet of oxalic acid only 8-12% is absorbed. Therefore, the role of limiting oxalate intake in patients with high oxalate urolithiasis without intestinal disease is unpredictable. Oxalic acid absorption increases only when gut bacteria are insufficient or deficient. 25-30% of urinary oxalate is a metabolite of vitamin C. Therefore, vitamin C plays an important role in urinary oxalate and urinary stone formation. Although the recommended dose of vitamin C is 60mg/d, some people consume large amounts of vitamin C for various reasons, but there is still disagreement on whether large amounts of vitamin C can significantly increase urinary oxalate excretion, which leads to the formation of urinary calcium oxalate stones. Therefore, patients with urinary calculi large doses of vitamin C application is still cautious, and avoid strong tea, do not eat a lot of chocolate and spinach. 4, protein: urolithiasis and affluence related to life, that is, and high protein diet. Some studies have shown that a high protein diet can increase the incidence of urinary calculi. On the contrary, no animal protein vegetable diet contains oxalate higher, but the risk of stone occurrence is low. Therefore moderation of dietary protein, especially animal protein, is beneficial to all stone patients. 5, salt: In general there is basically no difference in salt habits between patients with urinary stones and controls. However, some studies have suggested that a high-sodium diet can increase the tendency of calcium salt crystallization in urine. The amount of salt in the diet to less than 10g / d is appropriate. 6, fat: patients with calcium-containing urinary calculi urinary excretion of fingerprints higher than normal, but this has nothing to do with diet. However, the incidence of coronary artery disease and kidney stones in Eskimos are low, which is related to their intake of non-unsaturated fatty acids. 7, alcohol: moderate alcohol consumption does not increase the risk of stone formation. Although long-term drinkers of high urinary calcium and high urinary phosphorus is more obvious, but the diuretic effect caused by alcohol can reduce the concentration of urinary components. 8, citrate: citrate is a natural inhibitor of urolithiasis. The following fruits are rich in citrate: citrus, grapefruit, pineapple. Citrus is more commonly used as an adjunctive therapy for low-citrate calcium-containing kidney stones. However, a high intake of citrate-containing fruits and vegetables can lead to high oxaluria, which may offset the benefits of increasing citrate in the diet. Attachment: List of Foods by Category Acidic Foods Cereals: rice, wheat, sorghum, corn, potatoes, sweet potatoes, taro, noodles, tapioca, macaroni Eggs: eggs, duck eggs, skinned eggs, prunes. Alkaline foods Dairy: milk, cheese, ice cream Fruits: willow, vegetables, radishes, water chestnuts Dried pluots Brown sugar, olives. Neutral foods Butter, vegetable oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, lard tea, coffee, sugar , hard-shelled fruits: peanuts, walnuts, cashews, almonds.