Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a serious threat to human health, especially in relation to autoimmunity, and has received increasing attention. To date, several reports have suggested that HCV infection may trigger an autoimmune response, and hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a hepatophilic RNA virus, and long-term HCV infection can lead to chronic liver lesions and induce autoimmune diseases. Studies have shown that autoimmunity is prevalent during HCV infection, resulting in the presence of multiple autoantibodies in HCV-infected patients, among which serum antinuclear antibody (ANA) is a major marker of autoimmune liver disease and other immune diseases, and the positive rate of ANA in patients with chronic hepatitis C is 4% ~41%. Many viral infections can induce autoimmune reactions, among which hepatitis C virus (HCV)-induced autoimmunity is the most common. Autoimmunity is a normal physiological phenomenon of the body, but overreaction can lead to the development of autoimmune diseases. Viral infections lead to damage of hepatocytes mainly through the body’s immune response to viruses. The emphasis on autoantibody testing in patients with CHC (chronic hepatitis C) is important for the clinical management of chronic hepatitis C. Initial studies suggested the presence of chronic HCV infection in most autoimmune diseases, and improvements in HCV testing methods have changed this result, yet the presence of HCV-associated hepatic and extrahepatic autoimmune states is still evident. A prospective foreign study showed that 36% of patients with chronic HCV infection had condyloglobulinemia, 70% were positive for rheumatoid factor, 41% were positive for anti-tissue antibodies (ANA, SMA, LKM, anti-thyroid antibodies), 49% had salivary gland lesions, and 5% had lichen planus, while controls and HBV-infected patients were rarely associated with an autoimmune status. PawIotsky detected autoantibodies in the sera of about 1/3 of patients with chronic liver disease, with a detection rate of up to 30%, mainly ANA, AMA, SMA. These results suggest that after HCV infection, hepatitis C virus may damage the immune system through multiple pathways, disrupting the body’s immune tolerance and inducing an autoimmune response, thereby aggravating liver damage and prolonging the disease.