Common Tumor Test Items Esophageal cancer is a malignant tumor that occurs in the epithelial tissue of the esophagus. It is more common in men than women, and the age of onset is mostly above 40 years old. In the early stage, there is no difficulty in swallowing, but some cases may have a feeling of obstruction of food in the throat, pain like stabbing or burning behind the sternum and foreign body feeling in the esophagus. As the disease progresses, the symptoms gradually worsen. When the esophageal spasm, edema and inflammation caused by cancer subsides, or part of the cancer is detached, the obstructive symptoms can be temporarily reduced. Persistent chest pain or back pain indicates that cancer has invaded extraesophageal tissues. If the cancer invades the laryngeal nerve, hoarseness may occur; if the cancer invades the aorta, it may cause great vomiting of blood; if the cancer invades the trachea, it may form esophagotracheal fistula, or if the food flows back into the respiratory tract due to high obstruction, it may cause choking and coughing when eating and lung infection. Test items selection】 Blood routine, urine routine, liver function, kidney function, blood electrolytes, stool occult blood test. (1) Progressive decrease in hemoglobin. (2) Decreased potassium, sodium and chloride. Lung cancer is the most common primary malignant tumor of the lung and is a serious threat to people’s health and life. Over the past half century, the incidence and mortality rate of lung cancer has gradually increased worldwide, especially in developed countries. The disease mostly develops above the age of 40, with the peak age of onset between 60 and 79. The prevalence rate for men and women is 2.3:1. Race, family history and smoking all have an impact on the development of lung cancer. Clinical manifestations include intractable cough, hemoptysis, chest pain, chest tightness, shortness of breath, fever, wheezing, wasting and cachexia. The test items are: blood routine, urine routine, blood sedimentation, liver function, kidney function, blood gas analysis, blood electrolytes, serum alkaline phosphatase (A KP), serum transferrin, serum carcinoembryonic antigen (C E A), serum lactate dehydrogenase (LD H), sputum smear, culture and drug sensitivity test, cerebrospinal fluid routine, biochemistry, cancer cells (if necessary), pleural fluid routine, biochemistry, cancer cells (if necessary). (when necessary). (1) Sputum smear for cancer cells, with a positive rate of 60% to 90%. (2) Serum transferrin may be reduced. (3) Serum carcinoembryonic antigen may be increased. (4) Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LD H) may be increased. Gastric cancer is the most common type of malignant tumor in the gastrointestinal tract, and the incidence of gastric cancer varies greatly among countries and regions. The incidence of gastric cancer varies greatly from country to country and region to region. Japan, Chile, Finland, etc. are the countries with high incidence, while the United States, New Zealand, Australia, etc. have lower incidence, and the difference in incidence can be more than 10 times. China is also a high incidence area for gastric cancer, with Northwest China being the highest, Northeast China and Inner Mongolia the second, North and East China the second, and South and Southwest China the lowest. The detection rate of this disease has a tendency to increase year by year. Gastric cancer mostly occurs in people over 40 years old, and about 2/3 of them are between 41 and 60 years old, and the ratio of men to women is about 3.6:1. The clinical manifestations are upper abdominal discomfort, vague pain, indigestion, loss of appetite and anorexia for meat in early stage, progressive wasting, anemia, low fever, loss of appetite and generalized swelling due to hypoproteinemia in late stage. Test items selection】 Blood routine, blood sedimentation, stool routine, occult blood test, gastric fluid examination, serum gastrin determination, serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CE A). (1) The blood test shows microcytic hypochromic anemia. (2) Blood sedimentation is mostly increased. (3) The stool occult blood test is consistently positive. (4) Gastric fluid may be mixed with blood or coffee-colored sediment, and lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, and beta glucuronidase are increased. (5) Serum gastrin is significantly elevated. (6) Serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CE A) may be positive. Primary hepatocellular carcinoma Primary hepatocellular carcinoma can be divided into three types: hepatocellular type, cholangiocellular type and mixed type, most of which are hepatocellular type. Primary hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the common malignant tumors in China. The mortality rate ranks the third among malignant tumors, after stomach cancer and esophageal cancer. Epidemiological survey, the death rate of liver cancer varies greatly geographically. According to the World Health Organization, the mortality rate of liver cancer ranks the fifth in the world. Clinical manifestations include upper abdominal discomfort, vague pain, stuffiness after eating, intra-abdominal mass, hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, ascites, yellow urine, etc. The test items are: routine blood, routine urine, bleeding and clotting time, prothrombin, liver function, kidney function, serum alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT) isoenzyme, serum ferritin (SF), α1-antitrypsin (α1-A T), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), ascites smear. AFP), ascites smear, biochemical examination. (1) AFP test has strong sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of primary liver cancer, with a positive rate of about 70%. (2) Although serum ferritin is not specific, except for liver cancer and pancreatic cancer which are moderately elevated, other gastrointestinal tumors such as esophageal cancer, gastric cancer and rectal cancer are not elevated, and the positive rate is 66%. Therefore, serum ferritin measurement can be used as one of the means to monitor the efficacy of treatment, especially for patients with negative A FP. (3) Measurement of α1 antitrypsin (α1 AT), the positive rate of hepatocellular carcinoma is 65%. (4) γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT) isoenzyme assay, the positivity rate of hepatocellular carcinoma is 50%. (5) The positive rate of prothrombin assay for hepatocellular carcinoma is 72%. Cardiac mucinous neoplasm is the most common primary tumor of the heart, mostly benign, but malignant is rare. Mucinous tumors can occur on the endocardial surface of all hearts, with 95% occurring in the atria, about 75% in the left atrium, 20% in the right atrium, and 2.5% in the left and right ventricles. Mucinous tumors in the left atrium often occur in the vicinity of the fossa ovalis. Clinically, the tumor often blocks the mitral valve orifice, resulting in mitral stenosis or incomplete closure. The test items are routine blood count, blood sedimentation, and serum protein electrophoresis. (1) Decreased hemoglobin. (2) Blood sedimentation may increase. (3) Increased serum protein electrophoresis α2 and β globulin. Breast cancer Most of the malignant tumors in the breast originate from the epithelial tissues of the breast (breast cancer), while a few may originate from various non-epithelial tissues of the breast (various sarcomas). It is a common and frequent disease in gynecology, commonly found in women between the ages of 40 and 60, and less frequently in women under the age of 30, with most young women in their 20s having benign fibrous adenomas. In the early stage, breast cancer is a painless single small lump, hard, unsmooth surface, unclear boundary, poor mobility, or adhesion to the skin, making the skin sunken and the nipple sunken or displaced. In advanced stage, the cancer mass invades into the pectoralis muscle fascia and is fixed with it, and the mass is not easy to move. Further development will lead to skin edema and orange peel-like changes, and later ulceration and bleeding will occur, spreading to the breast and its surrounding skin and axilla, and many hard nodules and enlargement of supraclavicular lymph nodes will occur. Test items selection】 Blood routine, urine routine, liver function, kidney function, serum acid phosphatase (A CP), serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CE A), tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA). (1) Serum acid phosphatase (A CP) may be elevated. (2) Serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CE A) may be increased. (3) Tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) may be increased. Colorectal cancer includes cancer of the rectum and part of the colon. The cause of rectal cancer is still not well understood, but most believe it may be related to food or genetics. In terms of food, the intake of meat, protein and fat has increased a lot, and the trend of colorectal cancer has increased significantly. In terms of genetics, the family members of bowel cancer patients have a higher chance of developing cancer than the general population. In conclusion, the formation of bowel cancer is caused by many factors, definitely not by a single factor, and it evolves from multiple steps. Clinically, it mainly manifests as abdominal mass, abdominal distension, abdominal pain, pus and blood in stool or deformation of stool, etc. Test items selection】 Blood routine, urine routine, stool routine, occult blood test, liver function, kidney function, blood electrolytes, serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CE A) determination. (1) Hemoglobin may decrease. (2) Regular stool occult blood test is important for early detection of colorectal cancer. (3) Increase in serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CE A), the positive rate of primary colon cancer is 45% to 80%. Prostate cancer Prostate cancer is a common malignant tumor in the male genital system. The incidence of prostate cancer varies greatly in China and abroad. The incidence rate is higher in Europe and the United States, while the incidence rate is lower in the East. However, in recent years, the incidence rate in China has been on the rise. Clinical manifestations include frequent urination, urgent urination, poor urination, thin and slow urine flow, and in severe cases, hematuria, painful urination, urinary retention, etc. The test items are: urine routine, urine smear for prostate cancer cells, prostate fluid examination, serum acid phosphatase (A CP), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), serum seminal plasma protein (r-Sm), serum creatine kinase (C K-BB), serum Carcinoembryonic antigen (CE A), bone marrow acid phosphatase (B M AP) assay. (1) Leukocytosis and erythrocytosis in prostatic fluid examination. (2) Acid phosphatase (A CP) and alkaline phosphatase may be elevated. (3) Serum seminal plasma protein (r-Sm) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) may be increased in prostate cancer and metastasis. (4) Serum creatine kinase (CK-BB) may be positive in 89% of cases and may disappear after treatment. Pancreatic cancer accounts for about 3% of all cancer incidence and about 5% of all cancer mortality in humans. Most pancreatic cancers occur after age 65. Smoking is the only known risk factor for the disease and can increase the chance of developing pancreatic cancer by 2 to 3 times. The development of pancreatic cancer is also associated with a high cholesterol, high fat diet and exposure to certain chemical carcinogens in the environment. Patients may experience anorexia, weight loss, radiating back pain, jaundice, enlargement of liver, spleen and gallbladder, etc. Test selection】 Stool routine, occult blood test, urinary triple bile, liver function, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), lipoprotein-X (LP-X), blood and urine Amylase, lipase, serum pancreatic transpeptidase (PG GT), total transpeptidase (TG GT), glucose and glucose tolerance test, glucose antigen Ca19-9, pancreatic fetal antigen (PoA), pancreatic-associated antigen (PC AA), pancreatic specific antigen (PaA), serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CE A). (1) Stool occult blood is often positive. (2) In obstructive jaundice, urinary bilirubin is strongly positive, while urinary bilirubin may be negative for complete obstruction and fecal bilirubin is reduced or absent. (3) Serum amylase and lipase levels are elevated, suggesting pancreatic duct obstruction combined with pancreatitis. (4) Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-G T), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), and lipoprotein-X (LP-X) are elevated. (5) The ratio of serum pancreatic transpeptidase (PG GT) and total transpeptidase (TG GT) is greater than 1, which is more valuable for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. (6) Elevated blood glucose and glucose tolerance test are indicative of islet cell destruction by cancer cells. (7) Serum carcinoembryonic antigen may be elevated. (8) Glycoantigen is considered to be an important indicator for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer, and the correct diagnosis rate can reach 90%. (9) The positive rate of glycoantigen Ca19-9, pancreatic fetal antigen (PoA) and pancreatic-associated antigen (PCAA) is more than 67%. (10) The diagnostic rate of pancreatic-associated antigen (PC A A) and pancreatic-specific antigen (PaA) combined monitoring can reach 94%. Bladder cancer is a primary cancer of the bladder. Depending on the depth of infiltration, it can be classified as in situ or infiltrating carcinoma. It is characterized by intermittent painless carnal hematuria, which can be accompanied by urinary frequency, urinary urgency, urinary pain and other similar bladder irritation symptoms, and severe anemia in advanced stage. Test items selection】 Blood routine, urine routine, liver function, kidney function, urine sediment shedding cell examination. (1) Red blood cells and hemoglobin are reduced in the late stage. (2) The positive rate of urine sedimentation cell examination is about 50% to 70%. Malignant staphylococcal fetus is called malignant staphylococcal fetus when the blister-like tissue of the staphylococcal fetus has exceeded the uterine cavity, invaded deep into the myometrium or metastasized in other areas. 5%-20% of staphylocococcal fetuses can become malignant staphylococcal fetus or choriocarcinoma, although malignant staphylocococcal fetus has the characteristics of malignant tumor, but the treatment effect and prognosis are better than choriocarcinoma. The clinical manifestations are menopause, vaginal bleeding, abnormal enlargement of the uterine body. In individual patients with malignant staphyloma, when chorionic erosion penetrates the myometrium and plasma layer of the uterus, it may cause abdominal bleeding of different degrees, acute abdominal pain, and shock may occur when there is much bleeding. The test items are: routine blood test, measurement of chorionic gonadotropin (hC G) in blood or urine. (1) Decrease in red blood cells and hemoglobin. (2) Chorionic gonadotropin (hC G) level in blood or urine is higher than normal, and the urine dilution test is often positive at 1:500 or higher, and does not decrease after 12 weeks of menopause.