As a special type of colorectal cancer, rectal cancer, especially middle and low rectal cancer, has characteristics different from those of colon cancer. Its location is deeper and more difficult to operate than colon cancer, and it is not as easy to be completely cured as colon cancer, and the local recurrence rate after surgery is high. Therefore, the progress of rectal cancer surgery is more meaningful than colon cancer, which also has certain influence on the treatment and postoperative survival of this disease. The 5-year survival rate after treatment of rectal cancer by traditional surgical methods is about 50%, and the local recurrence rate is as high as 35% to 40% . After years of exploration, some new treatment models and methods have emerged, such as preoperative radiotherapy, chemotherapy + total mesenteric resection as standard treatment in Europe and the United States. In Japan and other countries, lateral lymph node dissection based on TME is the standard procedure. Overall, the treatment strategy differs according to the stage of rectal cancer. I. Local excision of early-stage rectal cancer: Early-stage rectal cancer refers to tumor cell infiltration not exceeding the submucosa layer, without considering whether there is blood dissemination or lymph node metastasis. Its treatment can be considered as local resection of tumor through anal endoscopy, and the indications for surgery are: 1. early tumor with diameter ≤3cm; 2. low malignancy, well differentiated or moderate pathological examination; 3. tumor with tip or subtip of bulge type or polyp type or villous adenoma type; 4. tumor ≤7cm from anal verge; 5. advanced age, with serious heart, lung, liver, brain and kidney disorders that cannot tolerate Transabdominal radical surgery; 6. Tumors that are not curable but the primary lesion meets the above resection conditions can be used as palliative surgery. Judgment on the completeness of local excision and supplementary treatment: 1.The resected specimen is considered to have achieved complete radical treatment if it is found to be intra-mucosal cancer by pathological examination. 2.If it has invaded the submucosa and belongs to the following three conditions: low differentiated adenocarcinoma; cancer infiltration at the margin; one of the positive choroidal invasion, additional radical surgery including N2 lymph node dissection should be performed. 3.There is almost no recurrence after local resection of rectal adenoma, and palliative local resection of rectal cancer is not controversial. 4.The high recurrence rate of radical localization of early rectal cancer (3~5 times higher than radical resection) is the main reason for its controversy. 5.With the improvement of the accuracy of early rectal cancer assessment and the continuous improvement of comprehensive treatment, there is a trend of expanding local resection. Minimally invasive treatment of progressive rectal cancer – laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery As a new technology laparoscopy has been widely recognized for its advantages in colorectal cancer surgery. The current literature suggests that laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery has the advantages of minimally invasive surgery compared with open surgery, such as less damage, faster recovery and shorter hospitalization time. There is also no significant difference in the short-term postoperative survival rate of patients and the medium- and long-term survival rates reported by some research centers. At present, laparoscopic surgery for colon and rectal cancer is considered to be safe for achieving radical purposes. There is a lack of results from multicenter, large-sample, multifactorial randomized controlled studies regarding the long-term survival rates of laparoscopic surgery for colon and rectal cancer. It is expected that more definitive conclusions will be available soon.