1.What is congenital heart disease (precocious heart disease)? Congenital heart disease (congenital heart disease) is a local anatomical abnormality caused by a disorder in the formation of the heart and large blood vessels during human embryonic development (within the first 2-3 months of pregnancy). Congenital heart disease accounts for 28% of all congenital birth defect diseases and is the most common congenital malformation. 2.What are the congenital heart diseases? According to statistics, about six to eight out of every thousand babies born in China suffer from congenital heart disease. Common congenital heart diseases include ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, pulmonary artery stenosis, tetralogy of Fallot, etc. 3.What are the causes of congenital heart disease? Precocious heart disease is the result of a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. The factors that affect the development of the fetus are: (1) Environmental factors: viral or bacterial infections in the first trimester, especially rubella virus. (1) Environmental factors: viral or bacterial infections in the first trimester, especially rubella virus, maternal malnutrition, diabetes mellitus, radiation and cytotoxic drugs in the early stages of pregnancy, and the mother’s advanced age. (2) Genetic factors: precocious heart disease has a tendency to develop in families to some extent. Genetic studies have concluded that most precocious heart disease is formed by the interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors. (3) other: some precardiac disease in the highland area more, some precardiac disease has a significant difference in the incidence of male and female sex, indicating that the altitude of birthplace and gender is also related to the occurrence of the disease. 4.What are the typical symptoms of precordial disease? Precocious heart disease can produce different symptoms depending on its type. Neonatal precocious heart disease mainly manifests as cyanosis and heart failure; infants as easy to catch cold, recurrent pneumonia, heart failure and hypoxic attacks; young children as murmur, cyanosis, squatting and growth retardation. Children often have both of the above symptoms. 5.How to detect precordial disease? When a child is found to have bruised lips and fingernails or bruised after crying, the first thing to consider is the possibility of precordial disease. Non-cyanotic precardiac disease is often not easily recognized by parents in the early stage. If the child has poor growth and development within 1 year old, is thin, often has pneumonia, shortness of breath after feeding, bruising around the mouth and blossoming skin, the possibility of precardiac disease should be noted. Since babies with precardiac disease are prone to combined lung infections or other malformations, treatment involves pediatric multidisciplinary expertise, so it is recommended to visit a pediatric specialty hospital. Pediatric hospitals can not only diagnose and treat precocious heart disease, but also provide professional comprehensive treatment plans for babies with combined malformations and various complications, and provide professional guidance for the future growth and development of the baby. 6.Does precocious heart disease heal on its own? The majority of precardiac diseases do not heal on their own and require surgery or interventional treatment. A small number of children with ventricular septal defects, atrial septal defects and patent ductus arteriosus with a diameter of less than 5 mm have the possibility of healing on their own and can be observed and followed up. Ventricular septal defect or atrial septal defect with a diameter of less than 5 mm has no significant effect on the function and growth of the child’s heart and can be followed up regularly, but attention should be paid to the prevention of infection and infective endocarditis. There are also some small defects, such as ventricular defects in the subaortic trunk area, even if they are less than 5 mm, which can lead to aortic valve prolapse due to their proximity to the aortic valve, and should be treated by active surgery. 7.When is the best time to operate for precordial disease? The best time for surgery depends on a number of factors, including the complexity of the congenital malformation, the baby’s age and weight, general development and nutritional status. For simple congenital heart disease, it is recommended to be 1 – 5 years old. If the baby is too young, the weight is low, and the general development and nutritional status are poor, it will increase the risk of surgery; if the baby is too old, the heart will compensate for the increase in size, and some may even have increased pulmonary artery pressure, which will also increase the difficulty of surgery and longer recovery time after surgery. For combined pulmonary hypertension, congenital malformation serious and affect growth and development, malformation threatening the life of the child, complex malformations need to be staged surgery the sooner the better, regardless of age restrictions. 8.If my baby has congenital heart disease, what should I pay attention to? (1) adjust mentality: with the progress of medical technology, common precardiac disease can be surgical or interventional treatment to obtain satisfactory results, therefore, parents should face the disease with a scientific attitude, do not be overly pessimistic; (2) reasonable feeding: if the baby does not discomfort, diet need not be strictly limited. If the baby has symptoms such as wheezing, edema and abdominal distension, the baby should be reasonably fed under the guidance of a pediatric cardiologist; (3) oxygen: for mild, non-cyanotic preconditioning babies generally do not need oxygen. For cyanotic preconditioned babies, intermittent low-flow oxygen should be given (three times a day, one hour each time) to improve the hypoxic condition of the body; (4) prevent respiratory infections: babies with arteriovenous ductus arteriosus, atrial and ventricular septal defects and other pulmonary hyperemia preconditioned babies should prevent pulmonary infections, that is, “serious” “cold”. This type of baby, once the infection should be actively treated, do not blindly hope that the baby “produce resistance” to prevent the occurrence of heart failure, infective endocarditis, etc.; (5) cyanotic precocious baby: to control the baby’s activity, this type of heart disease “exercise “(6) combined with other diseases: such as liver and kidney function damage, acute infectious diseases, infectious rash, etc., should be cured in a pediatric specialty hospital before being transferred to cardiac surgery for surgical treatment.