Squamous hyperplasia of the esophageal epithelium is characterized by nonspecific inflammation of the esophagus or the possibility of carcinoma. Esophageal squamous epithelial hyperplasia can be detected after gastroscopy, which is a pathologic diagnosis made after obtaining the esophageal mucosa. Squamous epithelium is a component of the esophageal epithelium, which can be altered under prolonged and persistent gastric stimulation. When the esophageal squamous epithelial hyperplasia, the early stage can be manifested as basal cell hyperplasia and thickening, the infiltration of inflammatory cells such as acid granulocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, resulting in non-specific inflammation, when the esophageal squamous epithelial hyperplasia is too serious, ulceration, fibrosis of the esophagus may occur, which makes esophageal carcinoma. When patients have squamous hyperplasia of esophageal epithelium, it is recommended that they consult regular hospitals to improve tumor markers, inflammatory indexes and other auxiliary examinations, so as to avoid delays in early treatment after a clear diagnosis.