The common causes of penile root swelling and pain include prostatitis, varicocele, etc. Treatment includes medication such as antibiotics and surgery. 1. Prostatitis: Prostatitis is a group of diseases that include acute and chronic prostatitis, and different diseases show different symptoms. Acute bacterial prostatitis can be characterized by chills and fever, urinary frequency and urinary urgency, etc. Chronic prostatitis can be characterized by loss of libido and perineal pain. Treatment includes medication such as tamsulosin hydrochloride, celecoxib, etc., and surgical treatment such as incision and drainage when the condition is serious. 2. Varicocele: Varicocele refers to the abnormal expansion and tortuosity of the veins of the spermatic cord after the obstacle of venous reflux. The main symptom is the pain in the scrotum on the affected side accompanied by a sensation of swelling, which is aggravated by standing and relieved by lying down. Treatment includes medication such as indomethacin, etc. Surgery, such as high ligation of the spermatic vein, can be used when conservative treatment is ineffective. When patients experience discomfort, they should go to the hospital immediately and choose the appropriate treatment under the guidance of the doctor.