Golfer’s elbow: This is known as medial humeral epicondylitis and is caused by pain at the attachment of the elbow flexor muscle due to excessive elbow movement. Cobb’s angle: Cobb’s angle is used to measure the degree of spinal curvature. After establishing the neutral vertebral body on X-ray, a line parallel to the end plate of the vertebral body is drawn from each of the upper and lower vertebrae of the bend, and a second line perpendicular to each of the above two lines is drawn, and the angle between the two lines is the measurement of the Cobb angle. DDD (degenerative disc disease): degenerative disc disease refers to the clinical syndrome caused by degeneration of intervertebral discs with neck, shoulder, lumbar and leg pain as the main manifestation, including cervical and lumbar disc herniation, cervical spondylosis, degeneration-induced discogenic lumbago, degenerative cervical and lumbar instability and degenerative cervical and lumbar spinal stenosis, etc. Intrinsic-plus hand is a contracture or increased action of the intrinsic hand muscles, goose neck deformity, metacarpophalangeal joint flexion, proximal interphalangeal joint hyperextension, and distal interphalangeal joint flexion or hyperextension, and is commonly associated with rheumatoid arthritis, cerebral palsy, or brachial plexus injury. Intrinsic-minus hand: Injury to the ulnar nerve is associated with intrinsic muscle paralysis, claw-shaped hand, metacarpophalangeal joint hyperextension, interphalangeal joint flexion, and inability to abduct and retract the fingers. Shoulder instability (SI): Shoulder instability refers to unidirectional or multidirectional dislocation or subluxation in the anterior, inferior, inferior, posterior, posterior and superior directions caused by trauma or non-trauma. Functional position of the hand: wrist dorsiflexion 20-35, thumb abduction, opposite palm, other fingers slightly separated, metacarpophalangeal joint and proximal interphalangeal joint semi-flexed, while the distal interphalangeal joint slightly flexed, equivalent to the position of holding a small ball. This is the position in which the hand can function to its fullest potential. Ankylosing spondylitis (ankylosing spondylitis) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the spine that affects the sacroiliac joints, articular eminences, nearby ligaments and large joints near the trunk, resulting in fibrous and bony ankylosis and deformity. It is a seronegative reaction connective tissue disease. Apley grind test (Apley grind test): The patient is placed in prone position with the knee joint flexed at 90 degrees, the examiner presses the lower leg down hard and makes internal and external rotation movements to cause friction between the femoral and tibial articular surfaces, if external rotation produces pain, it suggests a medial meniscal injury. If external rotation causes pain, medial collateral ligament injury is indicated. Brown-Sequard syndrome (spinal cord hemisection sign): refers to the loss of motor and deep sensation in the ipsilateral limb below the plane of injury, and the loss of pain and warmth in the contralateral limb. Codman triangle (comdan triangle): A malignant bone tumor that raises the periosteum and produces new bone beneath the periosteum, the triangular shaped periosteal reaction shadow seen on X-ray is called comdan triangle. Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a syndrome caused by compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel. The main manifestation is compression of the median nerve, abnormal sensation, numbness or tingling in the three and a half fingers of the affected hand, and in severe cases, impaired finger movement and atrophy of the piriformis muscle. The causes include thickening of the transverse carpal ligament, local fracture and dislocation, tenosynovitis, rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis, and tendon sheath cysts. Heterotopic ossification ( heterotopic ossification, HO): It is a phenomenon of atypical bone formation occurring in muscle or connective tissue, it can occur after spinal cord, thigh, elbow injury and total hip arthroplasty. Damage control of orthopaedics (DCO): This concept was introduced in 1993 to address injury stabilization and control, to reduce the additional burden of surgical operations, and to avoid deterioration of the patient’s condition due to “second blows”. Orthopedic injury control emphasizes the use of minimally invasive surgical concepts such as external bracing and limited incision internal fixation. In addition, orthopaedic damage control focuses on bleeding control, management of soft tissue injuries, and temporary fixation of fractures to avoid additional damage to the patient. Bohler’s angle: The angle formed by the line between the heel tuberosity and the posterior articular process of the heel and the line between the anterior and posterior articular processes of the heel is called the heel tuberosity joint angle. It is 40 degrees when normal. McMurry-Fouche test (McMurry test): used to examine the medial and lateral meniscus, the patient is supine, fully flexed knee, the heel of the foot is against the hip, the examiner places one hand on the knee joint, the thumb and the index finger are at the level of the joint line, the other hand internally rotates the tibia, if the rotation, the patient is painful and accompanied by kala sound, it indicates the lateral meniscus injury, the same external rotation of the tibia, examine the medial meniscus. Froment’s sign: i.e., when the index finger is forced against the thumb, it presents significant flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the index finger, hyperextension of the distal interphalangeal joint and hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb, flexion of the interphalangeal joint, and sensory disturbance of the ulnar side of the hand, ulnar side of the ring finger and dorsal side of the metacarpal of the little finger, suggesting ulnar nerve injury. Dugas’ sign: In normal condition, putting the hand on the contralateral shoulder, its elbow can be close to the chest wall, which is said to be negative. When there is dislocation, the palm of the hand cannot hike to the healthy shoulder when the affected elbow is placed close to the chest wall; or vice versa, it is said to be positive for Dugas’ sign. Shoulder impingement: It is a chronic shoulder pain syndrome caused by repeated friction and impingement between the structures in the subacromial space and the rostral shoulder dome when the shoulder joint is abducted. Ward’s triangle: Tomographic examination of the femoral neck shows that the medial group of trabeculae is located in the posterior lower part of the femoral neck, the lateral group is located in the anterior upper part, and the third group of trabeculae (intertrochanteric arch) intersects the lateral group in the intertrochanteric area, and its center is located in the plane of the intertrochanteric line. Between the anterior and posterior walls of the femoral neck, the small area between the two thickened bony crests of the coarctation lacks trabeculae, and this central area is known as Ward’s triangle. Vater-Pacinian corpuscle (annulus laminae): a sensory nerve endings with the function of sensory force and vibratory stimulation, also can feel the pressure of arteriovenous anastomosis and regulate local blood flow. Nelaton’s line: the line from the anterior superior iliac spine to the sciatic tuberosity, which passes through the greater trochanter when normal. Phase I fracture healing: Phase I healing refers to the direct healing of the bone units at both ends of the fracture, which is characterized by the absence of resorption of the cortical area during the healing process, as the necrotic bone is replaced by new lamellar bone while being resorbed, resulting in direct healing of the cortical bone, the reconstruction of the Harvard system in one step, and the unobstructed medullary cavity with no or minimal internal or external bone scab formation. First-stage healing is usually seen when the fracture is fixed with strong internal fixation. Phase II fracture healing: If the fracture is treated conservatively or without strong internal or external fixation, the fracture end is resorbed due to various factors interfering with the bone healing process (e.g., activity between the fracture ends), and the fracture endosseous membrane and endosseous membrane form a large amount of bone scab under stress, and healing is achieved after shaping and reconstruction, which is called phase II healing. The vast majority of fractures heal in the second stage of healing. It is called second-stage healing because of the formation of transitional fibrous tissue or fibrocartilage in the fracture gap, which is gradually replaced by new bone. Trendelenburg sign (single-leg stand test): the healthy side stands on one leg, the affected leg is lifted by flexing the hip and knee, and the affected hip is lifted due to the pulling of the healthy gluteus medius and minimus muscles to maintain body balance. When the affected side stands on one leg, the hip on the healthy side not only fails to lift but also sinks due to the relaxation of the gluteus medius and minimus muscles, then the test is positive. Ortolani test: The examiner holds both lower limbs of the child with both hands, with the thumbs on the inner thighs and the other fingers on the greater trochanter of the femur. Keep both hips and knees flexed at 90°, then gently abduct the hip joint, and push the femur to the front with the fingers, then you can feel the popping sound of the femoral head sliding into the acetabulum, which is a positive Ortolani test. Volkmann’s contracture is due to severe ischemia of the limb, resulting in muscle necrosis or contracture, and due to nerve ischemia and scar compression, often with partial paralysis of the nerve, resulting in severe disability of the limb. It occurs after supracondylar fracture of the humerus or ulnar radius fracture of the upper limb. Legg-Calve’-Perthes disease: flat hip, juvenile deformational osteochondritis, etc., is a hip joint dysfunction caused by ischemic necrosis of the femoral epiphysis. High intra-articular cavity pressure may be the main cause of morbidity. It is seen in children. Partial or total aseptic necrosis of the epiphysis. Tinel’s sign: After nerve injury or after repair of the injured nerve, radiating pain and hyperalgesia occurs in its distribution area when the nerve is tapped in the corresponding plane, which is due to faster regeneration of nerve axons than myelin sheaths, and the nerve axons are exposed and hypersensitive when tapped. Trigger finger: Stenosing tenosynovitis occurs in the flexor tendon sheaths of the fingers, with popping and ringing occurring during finger flexion and extension, and in severe cases the fingers are interlocked in the flexed position and cannot be straightened. Tissue engineering: An emerging discipline that applies the principles and techniques of life sciences and engineering to design, construct, cultivate and maintain living tissues and develop biological substitutes to repair or reconstruct the structure and maintain or improve the function of tissues and organs. Reperfusion injury: A phenomenon in which normal or damaged cells suffer more severe damage due to the restoration of blood flow and molecular oxygen after tissue ischemia. Osteoconduction: The process by which mesenchymal cells, which normally have no osteogenic properties, differentiate into osteogenic cells in response to various internal and external factors. Sprengel’s shoulder (congenital pterygoid scapular deformity, congenital scapular hyperostosis) Paget’s disease (deformational osteitis): clinical manifestations include pain; deformity; increased serum alkaline phosphatase; neurological compression symptoms; high-discharge congestive heart failure; pathological fracture. The calcar femorale: The calcar femorale is a dense bone plate located deep in the lesser trochanter at the posterior aspect of the femoral neck and body junction, and is an extension of the posterior medial cortex of the femoral body into the cancellous mass. It has been described as the “true femoral neck”. Hamstrings: The hamstrings include the semitendinosus, semimembranosus, long head of the biceps femoris, and the greater trochanter of the situs. It is a bundle of muscles that travels from the buttocks to the knee on the dorsal side of the thigh, and corresponds to the powerful quadriceps. Conditions known as popliteus: the posterior thigh muscle, starting at the sciatic tuberosity and ending at the calf, spans the hip and knee and acts to extend the hip and flex the knee. Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath: a benign tumor originating from synovial cells or mesenchymal cells that tend to differentiate into synovial cells, occurring in the synovial layer and bursa of the small joints and tendon sheath or growing along the tendon sheath, as a chronically growing soft nodule with no pressure. Dupuytren’s contracture: Dupuytren’s contracture is a hereditary fibromatous overgrowth of the palmar tendon membrane that manifests as a progressive contracture of the palmar tendon membrane, limiting finger extension. It is autosomal dominant and is more common in adult males. Mallet finger: The tendon of the finger extensor is ruptured near the stop point, and the terminal phalanx drops down and cannot be straightened, often combined with an avulsion fracture of the dorsal aspect of the terminal phalanx. Also known as “baseball finger. Baseballfinger: Rupture of the extensor tendon of the finger near the stop, with the terminal phalanx drooping and not straightening, often combined with an avulsion fracture of the dorsal aspect of the terminal phalanx. It is also called “mallet finger”. Law of tension stress (LTS): Russian Ilizarow discovered the law of tension stress (LTS: Law of tension stress) in the 1960s, that is, to give continuous and stable slow stretching of living tissues to produce a certain tension, which can stimulate the regeneration and active growth of tissues, whose growth is similar to fetal tissues are the same cell division, and thus developed into the pulling tissue regeneration technique. No man’s land: flexor tendon tendon sheath area from the beginning of the tendon sheath to the attachment of the superficial flexor muscle, in this section of the deep and superficial flexor tendon is confined in the narrow tendon sheath, after the injury is easy to adhere, handling is difficult, the effect is poor, so it is also called “no man’s land”. The flexor tendon is divided into five zones, the deep tendon resisting zone (zone I), the tendon sheath zone (zone II), the palmar zone (zone III), the carpal tunnel zone (zone IV), and the forearm zone (zone V). Claw toe: It refers to dorsal extension of the metatarsophalangeal joint, flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joint, and flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint. Claw foot (claw foot): a foot deformity that manifests as excessive arch, excessive dorsiflexion of the metatarsophalangeal joint, and excessive plantarflexion of the interphalangeal joint, associated with gastrocnemius contracture, which can be classified as congenital or acquired and caused by spinal neuropathy. Hammertoe is a deformity in which the metatarsophalangeal joint is in neutral position, the proximal interphalangeal joint is in neutral position, and the distal interphalangeal joint is in flexion. HammerToe (hammer toe): deformity in which the metatarsophalangeal joint is dorsiflexed or in neutral position, the proximal interphalangeal joint is flexed, and the distal interphalangeal joint is dorsiflexed or in neutral position.