The treatment of rectal cancer requires a combination of surgery, supplemented by chemotherapy and radiotherapy. There are two types of surgical treatment: radical and palliative. Radical surgery (1) Combined transabdominal perineal resection (Miles surgery): applicable to lower rectal cancer less than 7cm from the anal verge, the scope of resection includes sigmoid colon and its lining, rectum, anal canal, anal raphe, sciatic rectal fossa and skin around the anus, blood vessels are ligated and cut off at the root of the inferior mesenteric artery or below the left colonic artery division, and the corresponding para-arterial lymph nodes are cleared. A permanent colostomy (artificial anus) is made in the abdomen. This procedure has a complete resection and high cure rate. However, many studies have found that the oncologic prognosis of transabdominal perineal resection for rectal cancer is significantly worse than that of anterior rectal resection. Positive circumferential margins and intraoperative bowel perforation are considered to be the main reasons for the poor prognosis after APR. In recent years, European surgeons have proposed a new surgical concept-extra-levator abdominoperineal excision (ELAPE). This procedure emphasizes freeing along the lateral plane of the levator abdominis muscle and removing the anal canal, levator abdominis muscle and low rectal mesentery as a whole, without excising too much of the colorectal fossa and perianal skin, which can effectively reduce the rate of intraoperative perforation and positive CRM of the specimen without increasing perineal complications and significantly improve the prognosis. Therefore, ELAPE surgery is considered as one of the major advances in surgical techniques in the 21st century. (2) Transabdominal anterior rectal resection (Dixon surgery): It is suitable for upper rectal cancer that is more than 12 cm from the anal verge, with intra-abdominal resection of the sigmoid colon and large part of the rectum, freeing the rectum below the peritoneal reflex, and extra-peritoneal anastomosis of the sigmoid colon and rectal cut end. This operation is less damaging and can preserve the original anus, which is more ideal. If the cancer is large and has infiltrated the surrounding tissues, it should not be used. The principles of complete mesorectal excision (TME) are followed in this type of surgery. However, for patients with obesity and pelvic stenosis, it is difficult to reveal the operative field, and transabdominal resection has the risk of tumor residue and difficulty in preserving the anus. Therefore, in 2010, Lacy et al. in Spain proposed transanal TME surgery. It not only improves the quality of surgery and reduces the recurrence rate, but also increases the chance of preserving the anus. 2.Palliative surgery If the cancer has severe local infiltration or extensive metastasis and cannot be cured, in order to relieve the obstruction and reduce the patient’s pain, palliative resection is feasible by making a limited resection of the intestinal segment with cancer, sewing up the distal rectal cut and taking the sigmoid colon for stoma (Hartma surgery). If this is not possible, only a sigmoidostomy is performed, especially in patients with intestinal obstruction. Radiotherapy Radiotherapy has an important role in the treatment of rectal cancer. At present, it is believed that the survival period of preoperative simultaneous radiotherapy followed by surgery is longer than that of surgery followed by radiotherapy for low and middle-grade rectal cancer with late local staging. Chemotherapy Patients with postoperative pathological stage II and III of rectal cancer are recommended to have postoperative chemotherapy for a total of six months.