Infancy from 0 to 6 months of age is the first growth spurt in life, and the need for energy and nutrients is higher than any other period. However, infants’ digestive and excretory organs are not yet mature and functionally incomplete, and their ability to digest and absorb food and excrete metabolic waste is still low. Breast milk can provide high quality, comprehensive, adequate and structurally appropriate nutrients to meet the needs of their growth and development, while perfectly adapting to the immature digestive capacity of infants and promoting their organ development and functional maturity. In addition, infants from 0 to 6 months of age need to complete the transition from intrauterine dependence on maternal nutrition to extrauterine dependence on food nutrition, and milk from the mother is the best food to complete this transition, based on no other food feeding method can be comparable to breastfeeding. Exclusive breastfeeding can meet all the liquid, energy and nutrient needs of infants up to 6 months of age. The nutrients and many bioactive substances in breast milk constitute a special biological system that provides all-round care for infants, helping them to adapt to the ecological environment of nature and grow up healthily even after leaving the protection of the mother’s womb. From 0 to 6 months of age, infants are in the second stage of the 1000-day window of opportunity, where nutrition, as the primary environmental factor, has a crucial impact on their growth, development and subsequent health. The appropriate amount of nutrition in breast milk provides infants with adequate and appropriate amounts of energy while avoiding overfeeding, allowing infants to achieve optimal and healthy growth rates and laying the foundation for a lifetime of health. Therefore, exclusive breastfeeding should be given to infants from 0 to 6 months of age. In view of the feeding needs and possible problems of infants from 0 to 6 months of age in China, based on the sufficient evidence available and with reference to the relevant recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and other international organizations, we propose guidelines for feeding infants from 0 to 6 months of age. 1. Start milk as early as possible after delivery and insist that the first food for newborns is breast milk [Abstract] Colostrum is rich in nutrients and immunologically active substances that help the development of intestinal function and provide immune protection. After delivery, mothers should start breastfeeding as soon as possible so that the infant can start sucking on the nipple to obtain colostrum and further stimulate lactation and increase milk production. The infant’s first food after birth should be breast milk to help prevent infant allergies and to reduce the incidence of neonatal jaundice, weight loss and hypoglycemia. In addition, allowing the infant to suckle repeatedly on the nipple as early as possible is the key to ensure successful exclusive breastfeeding. When babies are born, they have certain energy reserves in their bodies to meet their metabolic needs for at least three days, so there is no need to worry about newborns’ hunger during the process of breastfeeding. Ancillary factors such as warm environment, pleasant mood, spiritual encouragement and breast massage can help smooth and successful initiation of breastfeeding. Preparation for breastfeeding should begin during pregnancy. Key recommendation】 Start to let your baby suck on the nipple repeatedly as early as possible after delivery. The baby’s first food after birth should be breast milk. Breastfeeding should be insisted on as long as the weight loss after birth does not exceed 7% of the birth weight. Babies should not be overly wiped or sterilized before suckling. Ancillary factors such as a warm environment, pleasant mood, mental encouragement, and breast massage can help smoothly and successfully start breastfeeding. 2. insist on exclusive breastfeeding within 6 months of age 【Summary】 Breast milk is the most ideal food for infants, and exclusive breastfeeding can meet all the fluids, energy and nutrients that infants need within 6 months of age. In addition, breast milk facilitates the establishment of a healthy intestinal micro-ecological environment and maturation of intestinal function, reducing the risk of infectious diseases and allergies. Breastfeeding creates an environment of emotional communication between mother and child, giving infants the greatest sense of security and facilitating their psycho-behavioral and emotional development, and breastfed babies are the smartest. Breastfeeding is economical, safe and convenient, and helps to avoid maternal postpartum weight retention and reduce the risk of maternal breast cancer, ovarian cancer and type 2 diabetes. Exclusive breastfeeding should be adhered to for 6 months. Breastfeeding requires the efforts of the whole society, technical guidance from professionals, and active support from families, communities and workplaces. Make full use of policies and laws to protect breastfeeding. 【Key recommendation】 Exclusive breastfeeding can meet all the fluids, energy and nutrients needed by infants up to 6 months of age, and should be adhered to for 6 months. Breastfeed on demand, alternating between the two breasts; breastfeed 6~8 times a day or more. Insist that infants suckle directly on breast milk and do not use bottles for indirect feeding of artificially expressed breast milk whenever possible. If special circumstances require the addition of complementary foods before the age of 6 months, a decision should be made carefully after consulting a doctor or other professional. Breastfeeding should follow the maturation of the infant’s gastrointestinal tract and the process of growth and development, from on-demand feeding mode to regular feeding mode progression. Infant hunger is the basis of on-demand feeding, and should be fed promptly when hunger causes crying. Parents should clearly perceive the time information of their infants’ feeding pattern. As the age of the baby increases, the volume of the baby’s stomach gradually increases, the amount of milk intake increases, the feeding interval is extended, and the number of feedings decreases, gradually forming a good eating habit of regular feeding. If the infant’s crying is obviously not in line with the usual feeding pattern, you should first rule out non-hunger causes, such as gastrointestinal discomfort. If the baby is crying for non-hunger reasons, increasing the number of feedings can only relieve the baby’s anxiety, but cannot solve the fundamental problem, so you should seek medical attention. The key recommendation is that breastfeeding should progress from an on-demand feeding pattern to a regular feeding pattern. Feeding should be done promptly when hunger causes crying, usually 6 to 8 times a day or more. As the age of the infant increases, the number of feedings should be gradually reduced to form good eating habits with regular feeding. If the infant is crying abnormally, consider non-hunger causes and seek medical attention. 4. 4. Start vitamin D supplementation a few days after birth, without calcium supplementation. [Abstract] Human breast milk is low in vitamin D. Breastfed children do not receive adequate amounts of vitamin D through breast milk. appropriate sunlight exposure will promote vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but given the limitations of parenting practices, sunlight exposure may not be the most convenient way to obtain vitamin D for infants up to 6 months of age. Daily vitamin D supplementation of 10 μg (400 IU) should be initiated within days of birth. Exclusive breastfeeding can meet the infant’s calcium requirements for bone growth without additional calcium supplementation. Vitamin K supplementation after birth is recommended, especially for newborns born by cesarean section. Key Recommendations] Infants should take a daily vitamin D3 supplement of 10 μg (400 IU) starting a few days after birth. Calcium supplementation is not required for exclusively breastfed infants. Newborns should be given intramuscular vitamin K1 1mg after birth. 5. Infant formula is a helpless choice when exclusive breastfeeding is not possible 【Summary】 Because infants suffer from certain metabolic diseases, breastfeeding mothers suffer from certain infectious or psychiatric diseases, insufficient milk production or no milk production, etc., when infants cannot be fed with exclusive breast milk, it is recommended that formula feeding suitable for infants 0∼6 months of age is preferred and should not be used directly It is not advisable to feed infants directly with regular liquid milk, adult milk powder, protein powder, soy milk powder, etc. Any infant formula is not comparable to breast milk and should only be used as a last resort after the failure of exclusive breastfeeding or as a supplement to breast milk after 6 months of age; giving up breastfeeding before 6 months of age in favor of infant formula is not good for the health of the infant. No infant formula is comparable to breast milk and should only be used as a last resort when breastfeeding fails or as a supplement to breast milk when breast milk is insufficient. Formula is recommended for infants 0-6 months of age in the following cases: a. Infants with galactosemia, phenylketonuria, or severe breast milk hyperbilirubinemia. b. The mother has HIV and human T-lymphotropic virus infection, tuberculosis, varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B and C virus infection, as well as drug abuse, heavy alcohol consumption and smoking, use of certain drugs, cancer treatment and close exposure to radioactive substances. c. Insufficient milk production despite professional guidance and various efforts. It is not advisable to feed infants 0∼6 months of age directly with regular liquid milk, adult milk powder, protein powder, soy milk powder, etc. 6. Monitor physical indicators to maintain healthy growth 【Summary】 Length and weight are visual indicators that reflect the infant’s feeding and nutritional status. Infants should be measured for length and weight every six months until 6 months of age, and the number of measurements can be increased during the post-illness recovery period, and the World Health Organization’s Child Growth Curve should be used to determine whether the infant is being fed correctly and reasonably. Infants have their own growth pattern, too fast or too slow growth is not good for children’s long-term health. There are individual differences in infant growth, and there are also periodic fluctuations, so there is no need to compare growth indicators with each other. Breastfed children may have lower weight gain than formula-fed children, but as long as they are on a normal growth trajectory, they are in a healthy growth state. The length and weight are visual indicators of the infant’s feeding and nutritional status. Measure the length and weight of infants before 6 months of age every half month, and increase the number of measurements during the recovery period after illness. The World Health Organization’s Child Growth Curve was chosen to determine growth. The optimal growth pattern for infants of normal birth weight is to maintain essentially the same level of distribution in the group at which they were born. Infants have their own pattern of growth and it is not appropriate to pursue the upper limit of the reference value.