Pre-operative precautions: Pre-operative medication contraindications: discontinue anticoagulants such as aspirin for at least 10 days and discontinue blood-activating and blood-stasis drugs. Purpose: To reduce intraoperative and postoperative bleeding and avoid formation of hematoma. For diabetic patients, blood glucose should be adjusted to less than 8 mmol/L fasting and less than 10 mmol/L postprandial. Glucocorticoids are prohibited in the perioperative period, and blood glucose should be monitored and controlled more closely after surgery. Pre-operative comorbidities: no infectious diseases, such as cold, fever, urinary tract inflammation, etc.; no skin infectious diseases; blood image, blood sedimentation and C-reactive protein should be normal; for combined skin diseases, skin diseases should be treated first, and surgery should be considered only after the disease is controlled or improved. The surgical incision site should be free of skin lesions or defects, ruptures, etc.; combined immune diseases, such as ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis in the active phase contraindicated surgery, stable surgery should be cautious, blood sedimentation and C-reactive protein should return to normal; combined spinal instability, such as Ι degree or less lumbar spondylolisthesis (except lumbar 5 slippage), and normal bone density, can first interspinous internal fixation surgery, 1 week after surgery If the conditions permit, intervertebral foraminoscopic surgery is feasible. Contraindications to surgery: lumbar spondylolisthesis (degree II or above), lumbar tuberculosis, infection, tumor and other contraindications to surgery; severe bony spinal stenosis; female patients should avoid menstruation; serious cardiac and pulmonary disorders; combined with serious bleeding disorders patients. Indications for surgery: moderate or above inclusive lumbar disc herniation; huge, prolapsed, free lumbar disc herniation; foraminal, lateral saphenous fossa, nerve root canal stenosis and lumbar spinal stenosis caused by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the ligamentum flavum; clear and persistent symptoms, invalidated by conservative treatment for more than 3 months, affecting normal work and life can be operated. Pre-operative examination: routine bone density examination: elderly patients over 60 years old: routine cardiac ultrasound plus cardiac function examination to understand cardiac function, 24-hour dynamic ECG examination if necessary; lower limb vascular ultrasound examination to understand lower limb arterial thrombosis; lumbar spine patients should perform lumbar spine front and side, forward flexion and back extension, double oblique X-rays, lumbar spine MRI plus lipid suppression image, and lumbar spine CT examination at the same time. Preoperative preparation: preoperative imaging data such as CT and MRI of the lumbar spine should be carefully evaluated to determine the surgical site and puncture point, observe whether there is calcification of the intervertebral disc and the condition of the small articular eminence, lateral saphenous fossa, and nerve root canal; preoperative iodine allergy test (such as pantopamine) and antibiotic skin test should be performed; a group of antibiotic intravenous drip should be given 30 minutes before surgery; a follow-up file should be established before surgery to facilitate efficacy assessment.