Primary vesicoureteral reflux in children is associated with urinary tract infections and kidney damage. Bacteria from urinary tract infections enter the bladder from the perineum through the urethra, and small amounts of bacteria are excreted. Large amounts of bacteria can cause cystitis. Vesicoureteral reflux can carry bacteria to the renal pelvis and cause an upper urinary tract infection, called nephritis, and repeated or severe nephritis can destroy kidney tissue. The natural progression of reflux should be clear before starting treatment. The milder the reflux, the higher the chance of self-healing; the chance of self-healing for I and II degree reflux is about 80% to 90%, for III and IV degree is about half, and for V degree reflux the self-healing rate is as low as 10%. 2. Before the age of five or six, many refluxes will heal themselves with age. The younger the age, the higher the chance of self-healing, that is, the same severity of reflux, a one-year-old child than a five-year-old child has a higher chance of self-healing. 3. Reflux itself is harmless. The destruction of renal function requires the presence of both reflux and infection. 4.Long-term use of low-dose prophylactic antibiotics is not harmful. 5, The success rate of anti-reflux surgery is very high (95%). Therefore, the treatment plan should take into account the degree of reflux, the age of the child, the presence of new or recurrent urinary tract infections (breakthrough infection) and new renal tissue destruction despite the use of prophylactic antibiotics (a series of isotope renograms need to be compared).