Low grade vesicoureteral reflux, especially in infants (less than one year of age), does not necessarily require surgery and can be managed or reduced with medication first, as described below and with the following precautions. The theory behind prophylactic antibiotics is that as long as there is no infection in the urinary tract, vesicoureteral reflux will not cause any damage to the kidneys. The method is: ingesting a small amount of prophylactic antibiotics each night. Commonly used antibiotics are: 1. Sulfamethoxazole (sulphamethoxazole & Trimethoprim): The most commonly used drug. Dose for babies, 0.2 mg/kg body weight per night. Side effects are rare. 2. Amoxicillin (Amoxicillin) Infants under two months of age, the liver is not yet mature to metabolize. Sulfamethoxazole is not recommended. Amoxicillin can be used. It is also very safe. 3. Furantoin (nitrofurantoin), can also be used. In high doses, it may cause pulmonary fibrosis, but preventive doses are still safe. The taste is unpleasant and some children do not like it. 4, there are also attempts to use probiotics to reduce infection. Bacteria to suppress bacteria, that is, the traditional Chinese saying “fight poison with poison”. The effect is still under study. Antibiotics can reduce nephritis, but they are not as efficient as surgery (Campbell and Walsh Urology, p3292, 2014). If you still have a urinary tract infection (breakthrough infection) despite taking prophylactic antibiotics, you may not be taking your medication regularly, or you may have too much bladder fluid or too high a dose of medication, both of which can cause resistance. In this case, surgery for reflux should be done.