Advanced AIDS generally affects life expectancy, but it is possible to prolong life expectancy with standardized treatment. A number of complications occur in the late stages of uncontrolled AIDS, mainly opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, toxoplasmosis and disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection. There are also a number of diseases that are AIDS-indicating, including certain malignant tumors (Kaposi’s sarcoma, lymphoma), and diseases with no other clear cause that are thought to be related to uncontrolled HIV infection itself, such as wasting or encephalopathy. The above complications can seriously affect the life expectancy of people with HIV, so early intervention after diagnosis of HIV is essential, and combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has revolutionized the treatment regimen. There is no cure for HIV infection, but the natural course of the disease has been radically altered, and treatment of HIV-infected patients without other serious comorbidities before severe immunosuppression occurs is expected to bring life expectancy closer to that of the general population.