In general, hemophagocytic syndromes are a group of excessive inflammatory response syndromes caused by primary or secondary immune abnormalities. 1. Primary hemophagocytic syndrome: It is an autosomal recessive disorder with the relevant gene localized on chromosome 9 or 10. Its pathogenesis is based on excessive immune activation caused by genetic defects leading to hypofunction or deficiency of NK cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The pathogenesis is most likely based on the inability of cytotoxic cells to kill and eliminate infected antigen-presenting cells, leading to the continuous activation of various immune cells, the constant secretion of cytokines and chemokines, and the generation of severe inflammatory responses. 2. Secondary Phagocytic Syndrome: Associated with a wide variety of underlying diseases, this is a reactive disorder caused by a variety of etiologies such as infections, tumors, rheumatic diseases, and other factors that activate the activation mechanisms of the immune system. Patients usually have no family history or known genetic defects. Infections and rheumatic diseases are prevalent in children, while malignant tumors, especially lymphomas, are the main triggers in adults. Patients presenting with hemophagocytic syndrome should seek prompt medical attention to avoid delays.