Indications for surgery: (1) Those with severe symptoms that affect life and work, and who have been treated with regular non-surgical therapy for 6 months; or those with severe symptoms that cannot be treated with non-surgical therapy such as traction and massage. (2) Those who have extensive muscle paralysis, sensory loss and cauda equina damage (such as saddle area sensory loss and urinary and fecal dysfunction, etc.), and those who have complete or partial paraplegia. Most of these patients have a central protrusion, or a ruptured nucleus pulposus that has broken off into the spinal canal, resulting in extensive compression of the nerve roots and cauda equina, and should be operated as soon as possible. (3) In patients with severe intermittent claudication, most of them have spinal stenosis at the same time, or X-ray and CT images show spinal stenosis, and non-surgical treatment is not effective, so early surgery is recommended. (4) In cases of combined lumbar isthmus discontinuity and spinal slippage, surgical removal of the diseased nucleus pulposus tissue and simultaneous fusion of the contralateral vertebral plate and interspinous bone graft should be performed. (5) For young and middle-aged patients with recurrent attacks, the indications for surgery may be relaxed in order to restore their working ability as soon as possible. Minimally invasive surgical methods are appropriate for elderly and frail patients. 2, the majority of patients with lumbar disc herniation can be cured after regular conservative treatment, generally only about 5% of patients need surgery, the following cases of patients should not take surgical treatment. (1)The symptoms of lumbar disc herniation are mild and can improve significantly after rest, and although the course of the disease can last for a long time, it has less impact on life and work and can be easily cured. (2) Those with the first or multiple episodes of lumbar disc herniation, but the pain is not very severe and has not been treated conservatively. For the first attack, surgery is not recommended except for patients with obvious symptoms of damage to the cauda equina nerve (i.e., reduced muscle strength of the lower limbs or even paralysis, corresponding sensory impairment and sensory abnormalities such as numbness and allergy, urinary incontinence, urinary disorders, etc.). (3) Patients whose systemic or local conditions are not suitable for surgery, such as those who are old, in poor physical condition, or those with lumbar disc herniation combined with extensive myofasciitis, rheumatism, etc. (4) Patients who have not been clearly diagnosed, such as patients with clinical suspicion of lumbar disc herniation, whose symptoms are not very typical and whose disc herniation is not detected by spinal canal imaging or CT or MRI, etc., can be observed and treated at the same time, and are not suitable for surgery. (5) Patients with combined cardiovascular or cerebrovascular pathology or diabetes mellitus, or patients with contraindications to anesthesia, are not suitable for surgical treatment. These patients can choose other minimally invasive treatment methods. Of course, but the above cases are not absolute, and the appropriate treatment method should be chosen according to the patient’s specific situation and under the guidance of the doctor.