On February 28, 2011, the Department of General Surgery of the Sixth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University completed the surgical treatment of an obese patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The patient recovered well after surgery, and the glucose test results were satisfactory, and the patient was successfully discharged 2 weeks after surgery. At the follow-up 1 month after surgery, the patient’s blood glucose fluctuated between 6-8 mmol/L and no glucose-lowering medication was needed. Mr. Li, 62 years old, has been suffering from type 2 diabetes for more than 20 years, and his blood glucose could be controlled with oral hypoglycemic drugs at the beginning of the disease. The patient recently visited the hospital and was found to have significantly reduced islet function. In the long run, poor blood glucose control and reduced islet function will form a vicious cycle, which will eventually lead to islet failure. In addition, the patient’s body shape is obese, especially the intra-abdominal fat area is seriously over the limit, and the efficiency of insulin action is reduced, which is called poor insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, due to the history of previous hip trauma and previous hip replacement, the patient’s exercise is restricted to a certain extent and cannot achieve the purpose of lowering sugar through proper exercise. Over time, the patient’s blood glucose would face an uncontrollable situation. After seeking medical advice and searching for diabetes-related information, the patient found that type 2 diabetes in obese patients, as long as there is still some islet function, surgical treatment may be an effective treatment for weight loss and blood sugar control, and may even cure type 2 diabetes. After much understanding, Mr. Li finally chose to undergo surgery at the Sixth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The team of Professor Jia Weiping, president of the hospital, director of the Shanghai Diabetes Clinical Medical Center and chief scientist of 973, has long been dedicated to research on the pathogenesis of diabetes and obesity, and has made several significant achievements, winning the National Science and Technology Progress Award several times. Prof. Zheng Qi and Prof. Zhang Pin of the Department of General Surgery have been engaged in the surgical treatment of gastrointestinal diseases for many years and have accumulated rich clinical experience, and have many collaborations with the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism. The surgical treatment of diabetes and obesity is a new Xin treatment method. The use of surgical reconstruction of the intestinal sequence can cause corresponding changes in gastrointestinal hormone secretion, which can not only promote insulin secretion, but also inhibit the secretion of glucagon and lower blood sugar levels. In addition, it can also effectively reduce body weight. Therefore, surgical treatment is practical and feasible for partially obese diabetic patients. After the patient entered the hospital and listened to the doctor’s detailed introduction, he found that things were much more complicated than he expected. The surgical treatment of diabetes has strict indications and involves many disciplines such as endocrinology, general surgery, anesthesiology, otorhinolaryngology, ICU, clinical nutrition, nursing, etc. It requires close cooperation to successfully complete a series of links such as preoperative evaluation, preoperative preparation, intraoperative monitoring and postoperative rehabilitation guidance. It is also necessary to develop individualized treatment plans according to the patient’s specific conditions. After thorough preparation, the patient finally received surgical treatment through the multidisciplinary cooperation of the Department of General Surgery and the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and has successfully passed the surgery, rehabilitation and diet hurdles. Surgery for type 2 diabetes, especially for type 2 diabetes with obesity, can be carried out in only a few large hospitals in China. As long as the indications for surgery are fully grasped, the preoperative evaluation and careful preparation are done, the surgical method is properly selected, the intraoperative operation is precise, and the postoperative care monitoring, rehabilitation guidance and follow-up are in place, it will undoubtedly bring good news to the majority of diabetic patients.