In the past, people saw some cases of incurable death from blood diseases in their lives or on TV, and thought that blood disease was a very terrible disease and incurable. However, with the improvement of the quality of life, the development of science and technology, through the unremitting efforts and careful research of medical experts, the treatment of blood diseases has made a big breakthrough. But people should still increase their knowledge about blood diseases, early detection, early diagnosis and timely treatment. Therefore, the reporter interviewed Professor Huang Yihong, chief physician of the Department of Hematology of Xuzhou Medical Affiliated Hospital on this issue. Director Huang first mentioned that hematological diseases are diseases caused by abnormalities in the quantity or quality of various types of blood cells in the blood and hematopoietic tissues (bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, etc.), as well as abnormalities in various coagulation and anticoagulation substances. Hematologic diseases often have some common clinical manifestations, generally three major symptoms of anemia, bleeding and fever. Specific manifestations include pale skin and mucous membranes, dizziness, fatigue, fatigue, ringing in the ears, shortness of breath, and poor appetite and nausea. Bleeding manifestations such as nose bleeding, gum bleeding, purple spots and bleeding spots on the skin of different sizes, etc. In addition, easy infection, fever, enlarged liver and spleen and lymph nodes are also common manifestations of hematological diseases. Since there are no characteristic manifestations of blood disorders, various tests such as blood and bone marrow tests and lymph node biopsies are necessary to make a definite diagnosis. Anemia is a symptom of a blood disorder, not a diagnostic name for a disease, and all anemia has a cause. Its first manifestations are mainly: dizziness, weakness, poor appetite, heartburn, shortness of breath, etc. In general, people always go to the gastroenterology and cardiology departments of hospitals when they encounter these symptoms. However, there are various causes of anemia, for example, iron deficiency anemia ranks first in the world, mostly caused by unbalanced diet and nutrition and partial diet, which is a relatively common situation; secondly, because of the poor digestion and absorption function of the intestines and stomach, the nutrients drawn are not well absorbed, resulting in anemia; thirdly, women are more likely to have irregular menstruation, heavy menstruation and more blood loss, resulting in chronic blood loss anemia Hookworm is a common parasite that lives in the small intestine, and hookworm disease also often causes iron deficiency anemia. Therefore, while visiting the gastroenterology and cardiology departments of the hospital, you should also go to the hematology department for the corresponding examination to determine whether it is caused by blood diseases and find out the cause so as not to miss the best time for treatment. Nosebleeds, bleeding gums, blood blisters in the mouth, purple spots and bleeding spots of different sizes on the skin, spontaneous bleeding somewhere or bleeding more than once after mild trauma are also a common symptom of blood disorders. Vascular diseases, thrombocytopenia or thrombocytosis, abnormal platelet function, and reduced coagulation factors are common causes of bleeding disorders. Bleeding can also occur in leukemia, aplastic anemia, hemophilia, and hypersplenism. Therefore, if there are signs of bleeding, the first thing to think about is whether it is caused by a hematological disease, and you should go to the hematology department of the hospital in time to avoid delaying treatment. If you have bleeding, you should find out the cause of the bleeding and treat the cause. Director Huang said, usually in the clinic we often see some patients, especially women, in the bath scrubbing, slight collision, the skin bleeding spots and purple class, can fade on their own, often occur during menstruation. Most people think they have a serious blood disorder, get very worried, and then go to the hematology department of the hospital. A condition like this may be caused by increased capillary permeability and fragility. In this case, you can eat more fruits and vitamin C. This is the case of simple purpura in children and young women. Frequent or unexplained fever is a common symptom of blood disorders, but non-hematologic disorders can also have fever. Hematologic disorders are often due to abnormalities in the quality and quantity of white blood cells and immune deficiency leading to infection, and hematologic neoplastic disorders such as leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and malignant histiocytosis often present with fever as the main symptom. Therefore, for patients with chronic fever, they should visit the hematology department along with the fever clinic to determine if the fever is caused by a hematological disease so that they can receive timely diagnosis and treatment. Director Huang said that blood and hematopoietic tissue diseases also often cause enlarged lymph nodes and liver and spleen, such as acute and chronic leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, hemolytic anemia, malignant histiocytosis, etc. Connective tissue diseases, hypersplenism, acute and chronic infections, etc. can also have enlarged liver and spleen lymph nodes. Remember to blindly remove the spleen without finding the cause, as a result, the condition will be aggravated and the treatment will be delayed. In the treatment of blood disorders, Director Huang said that it should depend on the type of disease, mainly removing the cause, symptomatic and supportive treatment, removing abnormal blood components and restoring normal hematopoiesis, immunotherapy, gene therapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, etc. For malignant hematological diseases such as leukemia the first step should be combined chemotherapy, which is a prerequisite for the use of other treatment methods. According to the type of stem cells, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation includes bone marrow transplantation, peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, fetal liver cell transplantation and umbilical cord blood transplantation. According to the source of stem cells, they are divided into autologous and allogeneic transplants, and according to immunogenetics, they are divided into allogeneic and syngeneic transplants. According to whether the donor and recipient are related or not, they can be divided into related and non-related transplants. Relative bone marrow matches have a relatively high chance of success. There are many people who worry that donating marrow may be detrimental to their health. This worry is totally unnecessary because, like blood donation, a small portion of one’s own bone marrow can replicate and regenerate the lost stem cells and various blood cells within a short period of time without affecting the hematopoietic function of the body. According to statistics, the 4-year survival rate of allogeneic transplantation is about 55%, and the 4-year survival rate of autologous transplantation is 48%, while the 4-year survival rate of chemotherapy is 33%. Due to the development of modern industry, environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious, and the exposure to certain factors that damage hematopoietic function is increased. In daily life, people can be unknowingly exposed to many substances that are harmful to the organism and cause blood disorders, such as exposure to radiation, radionuclides, chemical toxins, certain drugs, bacterial toxins and viral infections, which are recognized as factors causing blood disorders. So, what can be done to prevent blood disorders? Director Huang made a few suggestions. First, scientific diet: as the saying goes, “disease from the mouth”, we have to eat every day to maintain the normal life activities of the human body, especially the three meals a day. In order to prevent the ingestion of contaminated vegetables and fruits, they should be washed and soaked for a sufficient amount of time before consumption. Vegetables and fruits that can be peeled must be peeled as much as possible to maximize the removal of residual pesticides, chemical fertilizer pollution. Furthermore, pay attention to diet, which should be coarse and nutritious, such as moderate consumption of lean meat, animal liver, beans, seaweed, hairy vegetables, fungus, mushrooms and other iron-rich foods can prevent iron deficiency, moderate consumption of foods rich in folic acid, vitamin B12, such as fresh green vegetables, fruits and animal liver, kidneys, etc., can also prevent megaloblastic anemia. Second, avoid drug abuse Clinically, you can often see patients with blood disorders caused by indiscriminate use of antipyretic and analgesic drugs or certain antibiotics. Studies have shown that certain antipyretic and analgesic drugs, anti-rheumatic drugs, antibiotics, anti-tumor drugs, sedative drugs, etc. have an inhibitory effect on blood cells or bone marrow hematopoiesis, and some people do not go to the doctor and use drugs on their own, and some people think they are weak and need to use tonic drugs, so it is not right to use “blood tonic drugs” casually, and even delay the disease. Therefore, once we are sick, we must go to the doctor, under the guidance of the doctor to take drugs. Third, away from toxins, radioactive substances, chemical toxins, such as radioactive sources, X-rays, benzene, formaldehyde, decorative materials, paints and leather processing materials; and then car exhaust, industrial waste water, residual pesticides, should try to isolate from them. Therefore, it is the responsibility of all of us to control environmental pollution. Fourth, prevention of infection Viral and bacterial infection is one of the causes of blood diseases, especially reoccurrence and leukemia are closely related to infection. Therefore, people are reminded that once a cold occurs, they should seek medical treatment as early as possible and promptly, and should pay attention to diet and weather changes in general. Fresh indoor air, relaxed mood, stable mind, improve the body’s immune and anti-disease ability, which is another measure to prevent blood diseases.