1, exclusive breastfeeding Infants should be exclusively breastfed within 6 months of age, no need to add water, juice and other liquid and solid foods to infants, so as not to reduce the infant’s breast milk intake, which in turn affects the mother’s milk secretion. From 6 months of age onwards, breastfeeding should be continued until 2 years of age on the basis of reasonable addition of other foods. (1) Establish a good breastfeeding method 1, prenatal preparation: appropriate weight gain of the mother during pregnancy (12 to 14 kg), storage of fat for the consumption of energy for breastfeeding. Mother’s weight gain during pregnancy to maintain within the normal range can reduce the risk of gestational diabetes, hypertension, cesarean section, low birth weight babies, large babies and birth defects and perinatal death. 2, early breastfeeding: 2 weeks after birth is a critical period for the establishment of breastfeeding. It is important to help the newborn achieve the first suckle as early as possible within 1 hour after delivery to successfully establish breastfeeding. 3.Promote milk secretion: ①Breastfeeding on demand: Infants should suck frequently within 3 months of age, no less than 8 times a day, which can make the mother’s nipples get enough stimulation and promote milk secretion. Breast emptying: The “ejection reflex” produced by sucking can make the baby get a lot of milk in a short period of time; each time you breastfeed, you should emphasize feeding the empty side of the breast and then the other side, and the next time you breastfeed, start with the unfed side of the breast. ③Breast massage: apply hot compresses to the breasts before breastfeeding, pat or massage the breasts from the outer edge towards the areola, which can promote breast blood circulation, breast sensory nerve conduction and lactation. ④Mother’s living arrangement: happy mother, adequate sleep, reasonable nutrition (need to increase energy by 500 kcal/day), can promote lactation. 4. Proper feeding techniques: ①Preparation for breastfeeding: The baby should be awake, hungry, and have a clean diaper change. Before breastfeeding, let the baby push or lick the mother’s breast with its nose. The smell and body contact of the baby while breastfeeding can stimulate the mother’s ejection reflex. ②Nursing method: Before each nursing session, the mother should wash her hands. The correct position for breastfeeding is reclining, horizontal, and ball-holding. Regardless of the position, the baby’s head and body should be in a straight line, with the baby’s body close to the mother, the baby’s head and neck supported, and the baby close to the breast, with the nose to the nipple. The correct sucking position is with the baby’s chin on the breast, mouth wide open, with the nipple and most of the areola in the mouth, the baby’s lower lip turned outward, and more of the areola above the baby’s mouth than below. The infant sucks slowly and deeply, and the sound of swallowing can be heard, indicating correct breast-holding posture and effective sucking. Pay attention to mother-infant interaction and communication during breastfeeding. ③Frequency of breastfeeding: Infants should be breastfed on demand within 3 months of age, and gradually feed at regular intervals from 4 to 6 months of age, once every 3 to 4 hours, about 6 times a day, and gradually reduce nighttime breastfeeding to help infants develop the ability to sleep continuously at night. However, there are individual differences and need to be treated differently. (2) common breastfeeding problems 1, insufficient milk: normal lactating mothers within 6 months after delivery daily lactation gradually increase with the growth of the baby’s age, the average amount of mature milk can reach 700 ~ 1000 ml per day. Insufficient breast milk intake can show the following signs: ① Insufficient weight growth, growth curve is slow or even decline, especially in the neonatal period, weight growth is less than 600 grams; ② Urine volume is less than 6 times a day; ③ Sucking can not smell the swallowing sound; ④ After each nursing often cry and can not sleep quietly, or sleep less than 1 hour (except for newborns). If the infant’s growth is really affected by insufficient milk, the mother should be advised not to give up breastfeeding easily, and to supplement the insufficient milk with formula after each nursing session. 2, nipple inversion or crack: nipple inversion requires prenatal or postnatal simple nipple care, daily scrubbing with water (avoid using soap or alcohol or the like), squeezing, pinching nipples, mothers can also use nipple correction device to correct nipple inversion. Mothers should learn to “breast feed” rather than “nipple feed”, as most babies can still suckle from flat or sunken nipples. The rich protein and antibacterial substances in the milk can protect the epidermis of the nipple and prevent nipple cracking and infection. 3, milk overflow: ① Reasons for occurrence: Small infants have a small stomach capacity, are in a horizontal position, and have the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the digestive tract such as the pancreatic sphincter is relaxed and the pyloric sphincter is well developed, so that small infants within 6 months of age often have milk overflow. Milk overflow can also occur due to excessive swallowing of gas or overfeeding due to improper feeding methods. ②How to relieve: After feeding, it is advisable to hold the baby’s head upright on the mother’s shoulder and pat the back, which can help prevent overflow by expelling swallowed air. The infant should be placed on the right side during sleep to prevent suffocation caused by milk overflow during sleep. If the infant’s symptoms of milk spillage do not improve after instruction, or if the infant has poor weight gain, he/she should be referred to the doctor in time. 4. Breast milk jaundice: Breast milk jaundice refers to jaundice that occurs 2 weeks after birth in healthy full-term or near-full-term infants who are exclusively breastfed. Breast milk jaundice infants generally grow well physically, without any clinical symptoms, no treatment, jaundice can naturally subside, should continue to breastfeeding. If jaundice is obvious and involves the extremities and the heart of the hands and feet, prompt medical attention should be sought. If the serum bilirubin level is greater than 15-20mg/ml and there are no other pathological conditions, it is recommended to stop breastfeeding for 3 days and resume breastfeeding after the jaundice is reduced. During the period of breastfeeding suspension, the mother should express milk regularly to maintain lactation, and the infant can be temporarily fed with formula instead. When breastfeeding again, jaundice can be repeated, but will not reach the original degree. Breastfeeding when the mother is away from home: When the mother is away from home or at work, she should be encouraged to insist on breastfeeding. Breastfeed no less than 3 times a day, and express breast milk when going out or going to work to maintain the amount of breast milk production. (1) Breast milk preservation method When the mother is away or has too much breast milk, breast milk can be expressed and stored in a clean container or special “breast bag”, properly stored in the refrigerator or ice pack, the storage time of breast milk at different temperatures can be found in the table below. (2) Cases in which breastfeeding is not suitable The mother is undergoing chemotherapy or radiation treatment, suffering from active tuberculosis without effective treatment, suffering from hepatitis B and the newborn was not vaccinated against hepatitis B and hepatitis B immunoglobulin at birth, HIV infection, herpes on the breast, drug addiction, etc., should not be breastfed. When the mother is suffering from other infectious diseases or taking drugs, she should consult her doctor and decide whether she can breastfeed according to the situation. 2.Partial breastfeeding Breast milk and formula or other milk at the same time feeding infants for partial breastfeeding, which breast milk and formula at the same time feeding methods are the following two. (1) supplemental teaching method: 6 months of age infants with insufficient breast milk, should still maintain the necessary number of sucking to stimulate breast milk secretion. At each feeding, breast milk is fed first and then formula is used to supplement the breast milk deficiency. The amount of milk to be supplemented depends on the infant’s appetite and the amount of breast milk secretion, i.e. “how much is missing to supplement”. (2) The substitution method: generally used for 6 months of age after the inability to adhere to the situation of breastfeeding, can gradually reduce the number of breastfeeding, with formula instead of breast milk. 3, formula feeding (1) feeding times: because of the small capacity of the newborn baby’s stomach, can not be fed regularly within 3 months after birth. 3 months after the baby can establish their own feeding rules, at this time should begin to feed regularly, once every 3 to 4 hours, about 6 times / day. Allow the amount of milk to fluctuate each time, and avoid inappropriate methods that require infants to consume a fixed amount of milk. (2) Feeding methods: Feed in the correct position while the infant is awake, and pay attention to mother-infant interaction. Special attention should be paid to the use of appropriate teats, the appropriate temperature of the milk, the cleanliness of the bottle, the position of the bottle at 45° to the infant’s jaw during feeding, and the desirability of the milk being brewed immediately and not warmed up in a microwave oven to avoid uneven heating or overheating of the milk. (3) Milk powder mixing: Milk powder should be mixed in strict accordance with the product instructions, avoiding over-dilution or over-concentration, or adding extra sugar. (4) Milk quantity estimation: When formula is used as the main source of nutrition for infants up to 6 months of age, frequent estimation of infant milk intake is needed. 500-750 ml/day for infants up to 3 months of age and 800-1000 ml/day for infants from 4 to 6 months of age, gradually reducing nighttime nursing. (5) Therapeutic formula selection.