The darkness of night was followed by the dawn. The Middle Ages came to an end with the Renaissance. The first medical school in Europe was established in Salerno, Italy in 1200, and the famous Royal College of Physicians was founded in London in 1518. 1617 saw the first medical journal “The Mayfly”, probably named after the founder’s feeling that life was as fragile and fleeting as a mayfly. 1731 saw the founding of the Surgical Society. In 1731, the Society of Surgery was founded. In the same year, the first French surgical journal was founded. The Renaissance brought with it a passion for anatomical and physiological research. Young professors of surgery dissected and charted cadavers themselves. The Belgian physician Vesalius published his book The Structure of the Human Body, challenging Galen’s “Trinity” theory. The Spanish physician Servet discovered the small circulatory system of blood and demonstrated that blood flows from the right ventricle to the lungs and through a tortuous route to the left ventricle. The English anatomist Harvey, through numerous animal anatomical experiments, published “The Theory of the Movement of the Heart and Blood” and other treatises, systematically explaining the laws of blood movement and the working principle of the heart. Cooper, from London, described the suspensory ligament of the mammary gland in specimens and named the ligament after him. The anatomist Sappey, president of the Royal Academy of Medical Sciences in France, studied in depth the lymphatic system of the human body, including, of course, the lymphatic system of the mammary gland.” Sappey’s plexus” (“Sappey’s plexus”) is the network of lymphatic vessels in the nipple and areola. New anatomical and physiological discoveries led to a renewed study and understanding of breast cancer. It was indeed a time when a hundred schools of thought were competing and a hundred flowers were blossoming. In terms of the cause of breast cancer, some believed that it was lymphatic; some said that it was caused by neural fluid; and some advocated that it was concentrated milk in the milk ducts. Opinions on the management of breast lumps also vary, but most agree: “The only way is timely surgery”. Since anesthesia and sterilization were not yet available, the surgery was painful and dangerous, with huge wounds. The treatment of bleeding was still the white smoky, nuisance sound of a soldering iron to stop the bleeding, but the surgeons were quick with their hands and the operation took only 2 to 10 minutes. Some doctors operated at the patient’s home, and big-name specialists began operating in large medical centers, expanding the scope of excision. 1774 Jean-Louis Petit of Paris removed the breast and lymph nodes. Bernhard reported the removal of the pectoralis major muscle.