1, opioid analgesics Opioids are the familiar opium, made by drying the juice of the poppy fruit. Opioid analgesics are alkaloids extracted from the opium poppy and derivatives in and out of the body that interact with center-specific receptors to relieve pain and produce a sense of well-being. The main drugs in this category include morphine, codeine, dihydrocodeine, hydromorphone, oxycodone, methadone, fentanyl, pethidine (dulcolax), and tramadol. Constipation occurs in at least 90% of patients with long-term use of these drugs. The reason for this is that on the one hand, through local effects as well as central inhibition, weaken the urge to defecate and defecation reflex. On the other hand, the excitation of smooth muscle, so that the intestinal smooth muscle tension increases, resulting in propulsive peristaltic wave weakened or completely disappeared, intestinal contents through the slow feces can be made dry, and impede the feces along the colon forward, resulting in constipation, and even stubborn constipation, and in the long run there will be a paralytic intestinal obstruction and so on. 2, the treatment of mental disorders drugs In recent years, the number of mental disorders in our country is rising, with the extensive use of a variety of therapeutic drugs, resulting in constipation is also becoming more and more serious. It can be said that basically all the antipsychotic drugs may cause constipation, if the two joint use of drugs, the proportion of occurrence will be higher. Commonly used drugs include phenothiazines, clozapine, chlorpromazine, loxapine butyrate, quetiapine, duloxetine, and so on. The reason is on the one hand, these drugs have anticholinergic effects, on the other hand, sedation leads to reduced activity. 3, anticholinergic drugs Atropine we are very familiar with, when we eat bad stomach, stomach pain to death, eat a piece of atropine (or 654-2) will immediately make the pain relief. This we need to know, the pain is due to the smooth muscle spasm of the gastrointestinal tract, and atropine happens to have an antispasmodic effect, which is the principle of its pain relief. Choline is a very useful substance for the human body ingested from food, which binds to choline receptors in our body and produces parasympathetic excitatory effects, such as inhibition of cardiac activity, contraction of bronchogastrointestinal smooth muscles and bladder forcing muscles, increased secretion of digestive glands, and pupil constriction. Anticholinergics can bind to cholinergic receptors first, preventing choline from binding to cholinergic receptors, which inhibits parasympathetic excitation and the opposite effect of the above occurs, which in the gastrointestinal tract is the relaxation of the smooth muscle, peristaltic weakness, inability to empty, and difficulty in defecation. Atropine is one such drug. There are two types of cholinergic receptors: M and N. M receptors, also known as muscarinic receptors, act on the parasympathetic nerves, such as those in the gastrointestinal tract mentioned above, while N receptors, also known as nicotinic receptors, act on the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. The drugs described here are primarily those that bind to M receptors, and such drugs include, in addition to atropine, neostigmine, belladonna, scopolamine, mandelic acid, scopolamine, scopolamine, scopolamine, scopolamine Tangut, scopolamine, and scopolamine. All of these drugs may also trigger constipation. 4, ganglion blocker This kind of drug can selectively bind with the N1 choline receptor of ganglion cells, competitively block acetylcholine and receptor binding, thus blocking the transmission of nerve impulses in the ganglion, so it is also known as ganglion blocking drugs. These drugs are mainly antihypertensive drugs, represented by hexamethonium bromide, meglumine, camphor sulfadiazine, etc. Because of the many and serious adverse effects, they are no longer used as long-term treatment of hypertension, but only used as anesthetic adjuvant to play a controlled antihypertensive effect. Adverse reactions include postural hypotension, dry mouth, blurred vision, dysuria, constipation and so on. 5, calcium ion antagonist is mainly some antihypertensive drugs, these drugs in the lowering of blood pressure at the same time, will cause the gastrointestinal tract smooth muscle dilation, intestinal peristalsis function decline and cause constipation. Such as nifedipine, amlodipine, lasidipine, diltiazem and so on. Why calcium antagonists can lower blood pressure is explained here. Blood pressure is the lateral pressure exerted on the walls of blood vessels by the flow of blood through them. There are calcium ion channels on the cell membranes of both cardiac muscle and smooth muscle of the blood vessel wall, which control the entry and exit of calcium ions like a big door. An increase in intracellular calcium ion concentration can cause the contraction of the cells, resulting in an increase in vascular resistance, a smaller lumen, and an increase in blood pressure. Calcium ion antagonists act like faithful gatekeepers, and when they bind to the calcium ion channels, they prevent calcium ions from entering the cell, thus relaxing the blood vessels, decreasing resistance, and lowering blood pressure. In addition, some calcium antagonists, such as amlodipine (lovoxil), can also directly stretch the coronary arteries supplying blood to the heart, for the treatment of angina pectoris. 6, other common drugs that cause constipation are aluminum-containing acids, iron, calcium, etc., containing arsenic, lead, mercury and other heavy metals. Clinical barium meal examination, due to the deposition of barium sulfate in the intestines, can make intestinal emptying function is not very good patients therefore produce constipation. Drug constipation once appeared, should be considered in the case of not affecting the treatment of other diseases, reduce the amount of use, stop or replace other drugs. And according to the severity of constipation, reasonable choice of laxative drugs. Experts remind: suffering from anorectal disease is not a long time to delay the disease, some of the anorectal disease for a long time without treatment will seriously harm the patient’s health, a long time without treatment is also prone to induce a variety of other anorectal diseases in one situation, which will seriously harm the patient’s physical health and affect the patient’s normal life, therefore, if you find yourself suffering from some kind of anorectal disease symptoms, must be a good idea to take a look at the patient’s health. Therefore, if you find yourself suffering from some symptoms of anorectal diseases, you must promptly go to a professional anorectal specialist hospital for examination and treatment.