Biological therapy: Using biological response modifiers to directly or indirectly modify the relationship between host and tumor, so as to stimulate and enhance the biological response of the organism to the tumor. It is a new therapeutic means of applying biotechnology to treat various diseases (such as malignant tumors, congenital genetic diseases, infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases, rheumatic immune diseases, etc.) Biotherapy research scope: extensive, mainly including immunotherapy (permissive immunotherapy, vaccine therapy, antibody therapy, cytokine therapy, etc.), gene therapy, anti-angiogenic therapy, stem cell therapy, induction Gene therapy, anti-angiogenic therapy, stem cell therapy, induction of differentiation and apoptosis, endocrine therapy, etc. Biological response modifier (BRM): A substance or measure that can directly or indirectly modify the host-tumor interrelationship and thus change the host’s biological response to tumor cells, resulting in a therapeutic effect that is beneficial to the host and detrimental to the tumor. 1. cytokines (cytokines): IFN-α: hairy white, slow granulation, slow liver, Kaposi’s sarcoma; IFN-ß: multiple sclerosis; IFN-r: chronic granulomatous disease; IL-2: metastatic renal cell, malignant black; G-CSF: neutropenia; GM-CSF (granulocyte giant eosinophil colony-stimulating factor): lymphoma, acute gonorrhea, bone marrow transplantation, promotion of immunotherapy for tumors; EPO: anemia; approved in recent years are IL-11 (treatment of radiotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia), SCF, EGF, FGF, TPO (thrombopoietin), etc. 2.Immunologically active cell therapy: Passive immunotherapy: including the input of immunologically active cells and antibodies. Immunologically active cells: LAK: lymphokine-activated killer; TIL: tumor infiltrating lymphocyte; CD3-AK: CD3 -activated killer; CIK: cytokine-induced killer. cytokine-induced killer (cytokine-induced killer cells) CIK cells are derived from CD4-CD8+ T lymphocyte population); DC: dendritic cell (dendritic cells); CTL: cytolytic T lymphocyte (cytotoxic T lymphocytes). 3.targeted therapy：Let the drug target the tumor site, save relatively high concentration and longer time, improve the killing power to the tumor, and have less effect on normal tissue cells. Certain biological agents can target the special link of tumor metabolism and can specifically block tumor growth, so they have high targeting, significant effect and generally less toxic side effects, so they are called biological targeted therapy for tumors. Three major targets: namely, cell growth factor receptor, intracellular signaling system and neovascularization. Gleevec (Imatinib mesylate) ST1571, registered trade name: Gleevec: targets the BCR-ABL gene for the treatment of chronic granulocytic leukemia (CML) and the C-Kit gene for the treatment of GIST. Sorafenib (sorafenib, trade name: Doxorubicin ) is the first oral multi-kinase inhibitor that targets Raf kinases in the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway to block tumor cell proliferation and inhibit growth on the one hand, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2, VEGFR-3 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR-β) tyrosine kinases to inhibit angiogenesis on the other. It was the first FDA-approved treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma in 2005; it was used for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma in 2007; and clinical studies are ongoing for a variety of tumors, including NSCLC, malignant melanoma, thyroid tumors, mammary tumors, and prostate tumors. Adverse reactions include rash, diarrhea and/or looseness of bowel movements, nausea and vomiting, fatigue, lack of appetite, and hand-foot syndrome. Irsssa treatment clinical observation: female, adenocarcinoma, bronchoalveolar carcinoma, age > 68 years, non-smoker with better efficacy. Side effects: skin rash 76%, diarrhea 46.1%, other oral ulcers 10.3%. Tarceva + standard chemotherapy combined improves survival in advanced extensive NSCLC. Dosage: 150 mg/d , side effects:acneiform rash, mild diarrhea. Trastuzumab (Herceptin): a human monoclonal anti-HER2 antibody that specifically acts on the HER2/Neu surface protein of breast cancer cells to interfere with the biological process of the cancer cells, ultimately leading to their death. second and third line treatment for HER2 overexpressed recurrent metastatic breast cancer, Herceptin combined with chemotherapy for HER2 The efficacy of Herceptin combination chemotherapy for the first-line treatment of recurrent metastatic breast cancer with HER2 overexpression has been demonstrated and is already in clinical use. The greatest side effect is cardiotoxicity, especially in combination with adriamycin. It is also being investigated in gastric cancer. Rituximab (Meroval): a monoclonal antibody against CD20, a B-cell antigen expressed in diffuse and follicular lymphoma; recent advances in lymphoma treatment have shown that Meroval in combination with CHOP has an overall effective rate (ORR) of 100% and a prolonged TTP in primary treatment of low-grade malignant NHL; it is considered a standard first-line treatment option for follicular lymphoma. Meroval in combination with CHOP has an efficiency rate of 98% for primary treatment of moderate to high malignant NHL, and there are results of multicenter clinical studies for the treatment of NHL with predominantly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, showing CR rates of more than 50% in primary patients, 20-30% in relapsed patients (Meroval in combination with new non-cross-resistant regimens ICE, DHAP, MIME), and 2-year OS rates of more than 60% . Pemetrexed: It is a multi-targeted anti-metabolic cytotoxic drug with milder side effects compared with doxorubicin and other drugs. As a folate antagonist, it can inhibit folate-dependent enzymes such as thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and glycine ribonucleoside formyltransferase (GARFT) by interfering with the biosynthesis of thymidine nucleoside and purine nucleoside, thus achieving In September 2008, pemetrexed was approved for use in combination with cisplatin as first-line chemotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer, but it is not recommended for squamous carcinoma, and patients with lung adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma receiving pemetrexed + cisplatin have better better efficacy, and patients with squamous carcinoma receive gemcitabine + cisplatin. The standard dose recommendation is 500 mg/m2. Nitrozumab: As a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), nimotuzumab was recommended in 2009 by the NCCN Clinical Practice in Head and Neck Cancer (China Edition) in It has also shown excellent disease control rates and a good safety profile in initial studies in esophageal, pancreatic, colorectal, and glial brain tumors. Bevacizumab: Cetuximab: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), including Erysal and Troche, are targeted therapies that target the intracellular tyrosine kinase portion of the tumor epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and its effectiveness is determined by the mutated form of EGFR. The incidence of adenocarcinoma in Asian population is high and the EGFR mutation rate is significantly higher than that in European and American population. The mutation rate of EGFR gene is found to be about 30% by PCR technology or sequencing method, which mainly occurs in patients with adenocarcinoma. 4.Bacterial agents: BCG, Streptococcus haemolyticus, HAS, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 5.Tumor vaccine: aimed at treatment rather than prevention. dc vaccine, transgenic tumor vaccine, tumor-related peptide vaccine. 6.Angiogenesis inhibitors: non-specific inhibitors: thalidomide (response stop), vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor (Endo). Cell differentiation inducers: Immunomodulators: shiitake mushroom polysaccharide.