Renal vascular hypertension accounts for about 2% of the hypertensive population and is mostly caused by renal artery stenosis. The causes of renal artery stenosis include atherosclerosis, fibromuscular dysplasia, and aortitis. The latter two etiologies are more common in young patients; the former predominates in older patients. Most renal hypertension caused by renal artery stenosis is difficult to control with medications. The traditional treatment of renal artery stenosis is mainly surgical, including renal autograft, renal artery reconstruction (bypass surgery) and nephrectomy. Currently, surgical treatment is mostly used in cases where interventional therapy is ineffective, multiple branches of stenosis or aneurysm formation distal to the stenosis. Interventional treatment of renal artery stenosis began in 1976, mainly using balloon angioplasty, and renal artery stenting was carried out mainly after the 1990s. Currently, interventional treatment of renal artery stenosis (including balloon angioplasty and stenting) has replaced traditional surgical procedures as the treatment of choice for hypertension caused by renal artery stenosis. Indications for renal artery balloon angioplasty: Renal artery stenosis >60%, resulting in severe hypertension or hypertension that is difficult to control with drugs and progressive renal artery damage. It is particularly effective in younger, focal, non-open renal artery stenoses. However, this treatment should be performed with caution in patients with stenosis <60%, active polyarteritis major, loss of renal function, diameter of renal atrophy (<6 cm), stenosis of branches below the renal artery segment and coagulation mechanism disorders or severe systemic diseases that are not suitable for intervention. Indications for renal artery stenting: 1. atherosclerosis-induced renal artery stenosis; 2. stenosis at the opening of the renal artery; 3. renal artery entrapment formation after renal artery balloon angioplasty; 4. restenosis after renal artery balloon angioplasty; 5. wall elasticity retraction after renal artery balloon angioplasty. Renal artery stenosis balloon angioplasty