The severity of β-thalassemia needs to be differentiated according to the patient’s condition, usually moderate and severe β-thalassemia is more serious. β-thalassemia is a dominant hereditary disease, because of the abnormal synthesis of the peptide chain of β-globulin, resulting in the patient’s anemia symptoms. β-thalassemia is mainly distributed in Guangdong and Guangxi provinces in China, and is also more common in Sichuan Province, and there are epidemic cases in some provinces south of the Yangtze River. The disease is mainly found in Guangdong and Guangxi provinces, and is also common in Sichuan province. Therefore, for patients with β-thalassemia, it is important to clarify the place of origin for diagnosis. β-thalassemia is usually classified into β-thalassemia carriers, mild β-thalassemia, moderate β-thalassemia and severe β-thalassemia, while β-thalassemia carriers and mild patients usually do not need clinical treatment. In contrast, moderate and severe β-thalassemia have no better treatment and often require repeated blood transfusions for maintenance treatment. For some patients with more severe β-thalassemia, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is also available and usually has a better outcome.