Neuromodulation generally refers to the technique of treatment with electrical or chemical stimulation by means of implanted devices. In recent years, deep brain electrode stimulation by stimulator implantation has been rapidly developed and has played a significant role in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, dystonia and other diseases. In the treatment of epilepsy, in addition to conventional excisional surgery, neuromodulation has shown some efficacy in recent years. Current targets reported in the literature for neuromodulation in refractory epilepsy include the anterior thalamic nucleus, hippocampus, and thalamic nucleus basalis, and by electrically stimulating these structures, seizures can be controlled and reduced. In addition, vagus nerve stimulation, which has been performed for a relatively long time, can also significantly reduce or even control seizures in those patients with multiple sources of epileptic foci or difficult to locate epileptic foci. Compared with traditional excisional surgery, the treatment is adjustable and reversible because there is almost no destruction of brain tissue due to electrode implantation, thus greatly reducing the surgical sequelae of neurological damage that may be caused by traditional surgery, and the stimulation parameters can be adjusted by programmable methods after surgery. Therefore, neuromodulation therapy can be tried for those patients who cannot take or are not suitable for traditional resective craniotomy.