Encephalitis is generally an inflammatory lesion caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites that attack the brain parenchyma. Symptoms such as headache, fever, drowsiness, coma, and involuntary movements of the limbs are usually present, and severe cases can lead to shock and death. Cerebrospinal fluid examination should first be performed to confirm the type of encephalitis infection. According to different pathogens, severity of the disease and physical conditions, appropriate treatment programs are used. For virus-induced encephalitis, antiviral therapy is generally used. Acyclovir is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug that can inhibit viral reproduction, has low toxicity to the body, and can easily pass the blood-brain barrier, so it can be used as the first choice of antiviral drug. Depending on the infected virus, different antiviral drugs such as cytarabine, adenosine and ganciclovir can be used. Septic encephalitis should be given a suitable and sufficient amount of antimicrobials as soon as possible according to the results of cerebrospinal fluid examination, and the antimicrobials should be adjusted appropriately according to the results of drug sensitivity. Drugs that can easily cross the blood-brain barrier should be used first, so that the concentration of antimicrobials in the cerebrospinal fluid exceeds the inhibitory concentration by more than 10 times. Chloramphenicol, sulfadiazine-pyrimethamine, and third-generation cephalosporins can pass the blood-brain barrier well to reach the cerebrospinal fluid. Parasitic encephalitis is treated with anthelmintics such as praziquantel and albendazole or surgically removed, depending on the type of parasite.