Having previously popularized the knowledge of human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer, we again emphasize that persistent, high-risk HPV infection is an important cause of cervical cancer and cervical precancerous lesions, and that HPV vaccination can prevent the majority of cervical cancers and precancerous lesions. There are numerous HPV testing methods, and there are currently two: one is the HPV gene chip test, which specifically detects 18 high-risk subtypes of HPV, including 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 73, 82 and 83; and six low-risk subtypes, including HPV6, 11, 42, 43, 44 and 81. The figure below. The other is to test the HC2 HPV-DNA load, including 13 high-risk subtypes HPV16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 and 68. Because the low-risk subtypes of HPV are not related to cervical cancer, testing is not necessary. [As shown below] HC-2 positive, 13 high-risk subtypes of papillomavirus were detected, but the specific subtype could not be measured with this method. Does this value mean that the higher the value, the more serious the lesion is? No, it does not. This method is a second-generation hybridization capture HPV test that uses the relative light unit/clinical threshold (RLU/CO) to detect high-risk HPV. In fact, as long as HPV is positive, it can lead to CIN and cervical cancer regardless of the RLU/CO value. Moreover, RLU/CO values are significantly associated with the presence of CIN, and there is no absolute correspondence between high HPV test values and severity of lesions. Note: Do HPV-negative patients necessarily not develop cervical cancer? Again, the answer is no. Cervical cancer can be detected in HPV-negative individuals, just as HPV-positive individuals do not necessarily develop cervical cancer. This is because some specific types of cervical cancer, such as cervical adenocarcinoma and endometrioid carcinoma, may not be associated with HPV infection. Furthermore, any HPV test has a false-negative rate, and existing screening methods cannot yet achieve 100% sensitivity and specificity. Only primary cytology (TCT) screening should be done for women <30 years of age because this is the age group with the highest rate of HPV infection, but approximately 91% will clear the virus on their own within 2 years. Therefore, it is important to avoid the psychological and financial burden caused by HPV transient infection. If the TCT test is abnormal, HPV testing is required. And for women over 30 years old, combined TCT and HPV screening is recommended for the highest efficiency.