Diabetes mellitus is characterized by high blood sugar. Long-term diabetes can cause chronic complications in several systems, such as stroke, coronary heart disease, hyperalgesia, neuritis, skin damage, etc.
At present, there are about 50 million diabetic patients in China, which is 1/4 of the total number of diabetic patients in the world, and the number is increasing by 1.2 million every year.
Etiology: The onset of diabetes is related to genetic factors, obesity, high-calorie diet, lack of physical activity and age, dyslipidemia, hypertension and other factors.
Clinical manifestations: typically, there is excessive drinking, polyphagia, polyuria, fatigue, weight loss, and wasting. Onset characteristics: insidious and slow. Many patients appear only during physical examination or when complications appear. Therefore, it is necessary to check blood sugar about once every six months.
Third, complications
1. Macrovascular complications: promote atherosclerosis and increase the chance of cardiovascular disease (stroke, coronary heart disease, etc.).
2. Microvascular complications: Microvascular lesions lead to tissue ischemia, mainly causing retinopathy, kidney damage, neurological damage (such as limb numbness, burning-like sensation, weakness, muscle atrophy), and skin damage (pigmentation, skin necrosis, limb gangrene).
3. Infection: Boils and carbuncles often occur, skin breakage, surgical wounds and other infections are difficult to heal, and urinary and respiratory infections are likely to occur.
Diagnosis: Fasting blood glucose (not eating for more than 8 hours) ≥ 7.0 mmol/L, or any blood glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L, can be diagnosed as diabetes. Generally, it takes another time to retest once to draw a conclusion.
V. Treatment
1.Goal: Generally fasting should be ≤7.0 mmol/L, non-fasting <10.0 mmol/L.
2, lifelong treatment: there is no cure, so lifelong treatment is needed, rule treatment.
3.Dietary treatment is the basis of treatment.
①Weight should be controlled within ±5% of ideal weight [ideal weight (kg)=height (cm)-105].
②Carbohydrates (rice pasta, etc.) should account for 50-60% of the total.
(③For bed rest, calorie intake should be 105-126kJ for adults, 126-146kJ for light physical labor, 146-167kJ for moderate physical labor, and 167kJ or more for heavy physical labor. (16.8 kJ of heat production per g of carbohydrate and protein, 37.8 kJ of heat production per g of fat)
④Fiber in food is not absorbed, but can bring satiety, can delay the absorption of sugar and fat, and reduce blood lipid blood sugar (vegetables, cereals, cereals, beans, etc. contain more fiber)
⑤ Salt <7g/day, avoid alcohol.
To adjust the diet according to the actual results and specific circumstances.
4.Exercise therapy.
①Indications: a: Type 2 diabetes blood glucose <16.7mmmol/L; b: Type 1 stable condition, after meals, should not be too long.
② Contraindications: a: combined with severe diabetic nephropathy. b: with severe hypertension or ischemic heart disease (coronary heart disease). c: with fundus lesions. d: diabetic foot (extremity ulcers, gangrene, etc.). e: severe osteoporosis.
5.Medication under the guidance of a doctor.
6.How do diabetics eat fruit?
(1)Can diabetic patients eat fruit?
Fruits are rich in vitamins, inorganic salts and dietary fiber, blood sugar control is still stable diabetic patients should eat.
(2) the time to eat fruit
It is advisable to choose to eat between meals, so when the stomach and intestines are empty, the vitamins and minerals in the fruit can be quickly absorbed in an empty stomach, and can avoid intestinal flatulence
(3) The amount of fruit intake
Generally speaking, the raw glycemic index of fruits is not high, generally 3-4 taels/day
(4) Selection of fruit types
Recommended choice: fruits containing less than 10 grams of sugar per 100 grams of fruit, including cucumber, orange, grapefruit, lemon, peach, plum, apricot, loquat, pineapple, strawberry, cherry, etc. Such fruits can provide 20-40 kcal of energy per 100 grams.
Choose with caution: fruits with 11-20 grams of sugar per 100 grams, including bananas, pomegranates, melons, oranges, apples, pears, mangoes, etc. Such fruits can provide 50-90 kcal of energy per 100 grams.
Not suitable: fruits containing more than 20 grams of sugar per 100 grams of fruit, including dates, dried fruits, especially dried dates, dates, persimmon cake, raisins, dried apricots, dried cinnamon and other dried fruits, as well as dried fruit should be prohibited. Fresh fruits with particularly high sugar content, such as red Fuji apples, persimmons, Hami melon, rose-scented grapes, winter dates, yellow peaches, etc., such fruits provide more than 100 kcal of energy per 100 grams. Another peanut, melon seeds, sesame seeds and other foods with high oil content are prohibited.
Many vegetables can be eaten as fruit, such as tomatoes, cucumbers, melons, etc., per 100 grams of food containing less than 5 grams of sugar, but also rich in vitamins, can replace the fruit, suitable for diabetics, can be promoted.