Routine urine tests include urine color, clarity, acidity, specific gravity, presence of protein and sugar, and a midstream sediment test.
Some diseases can change the color of the urine. For example, dark yellow urine like strong tea is most often seen in acute jaundice; cloudy urine and dripping urine are most often seen in acute urinary tract infections and honeymoon cystitis; red urine with a blood-like color indicates possible acute glomerulonephritis, kidney stones, kidney tuberculosis, urinary tract or kidney tumors and urinary tract trauma.
In a urine test, if some items are followed by a “+” sign (or “++”, “+++”, indicating different degrees), this is called a positive result in medical terms; on the contrary In contrast, a “-” sign is called a negative result. Positive results are usually a sign of urinary tract disease.
A large number of white blood cells (WBC + + + – + + + +) and epithelial cells reported on the report card are mostly indicative of urinary tract infection. A large number of red blood cells (RBC + – – + + +) in the urine indicates kidney stones, tumors, acute nephritis, cystitis and urinary trauma. If the urine test is positive for tubular type, it indicates some kidney damage, which is common in acute and chronic nephritis, pyelonephritis and nephrotic syndrome. If the urine sugar test is positive, then it is likely to be diabetes, because normal people have only trace amounts of sugar in their urine, which is usually not detected by the test. Transient urine sugar will appear when large amounts of sugar are eaten or glucose is pushed. In diabetic patients, not only is the urine sugar positive, but the blood sugar is significantly higher.
How to read routine blood tests:
1, blood cells: adults 5000 to 10000 per cubic millimeter; children 1 to 5 years old about 8000 to 11000.
2, red blood cells: 4 to 5 million per cubic millimeter in adult males; 3.5 to 4.5 million in adult females; 6 to 7 million in newborns; gradually declining after two years of age.
3, hemoglobin: adult male 13.5 to 15 g%; female 12 to 14.5 g%.
4.Blood sedimentation: A. Long tube method, less than 12 mm per hour for children; less than 15 mm for adult males; less than 20 mm for adult females. B. Short tube method, 2 to 10 mm per hour for children, 0 to 8 mm for adult males, 0 to 10 mm for adult females.
5, platelets: 100 to 300,000 per cubic millimeter.
6, bleeding time: 1 to 5 minutes.
7, clotting time: A, test tube method 4 to 12 minutes; B, capillary 2 to 4 minutes; slide method 2 to 8 minutes.
8.Protein: total 6～7.5 g%; albumin 3.5～4.8 g%; globulin 2～3 g%; albumin/globulin 3.8～4.8 g%.
9.Glucose: 80～120 mg% for adults; 80～100 mg% for children.
10.Total cholesterol: 100-230 mg% for adults; 130-200 mg% for children over 6 years old.
11, triglycerides: colorimetric method <5.45 milli-equivalent / liter or 40-150 mg%.
12.Glutamyl transaminase: quantitative method 2~40 Carmen’s units.
13, liver function: jaundice index 2 ~ 6 units; total bilirubin 0.1 ~ 1 mg %; muscimol turbidity 0 ~ 6 units; zinc sulfate turbidity 2 ~ 12 units.
How to read a stool test:
Routine stool laboratory tests include testing for the presence of red and white blood cells in the stool, bacterial sensitivity tests, occult blood tests (OB), and checking for worm eggs.
Normal stool is usually yellow and formed, free of blood and mucus, red blood cells, white blood cells, eggs and protozoa. If the stool is vitrified or off-white in color. If the stool is tarry black, there may be bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract, or if you have taken activated charcoal, iron, or other drugs; if the stool is red, there may be bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, especially if there is disease in the colon, rectum, or anus, the stool is sometimes red.
If there are red and white blood cells in the stool, it can be considered as bacillary dysentery; if only white blood cells are detected, it means enteritis; if only red blood cells are detected, most of them are suffering from colitis, tumor, polyps, intestinal tuberculosis and bleeding hemorrhoids, etc. The test for worm eggs can detect roundworm eggs or tapeworm eggs in the stool.
How to read the liver function test
1.Quantitative bilirubin test.
This test is used to find out whether the patient has jaundice and the depth of jaundice. The normal value of bilirubin is no more than 1 mg in 100 ml of serum. A level above 1 mg is considered abnormal and indicates jaundice; the higher the bilirubin level, the deeper the jaundice.
There is also a test method is “jaundice index”, the normal value of 8 units or less, if beyond the normal value also indicates jaundice.
2, muscimol turbidity test.
This test is used to understand the degree of liver cell damage normal value of 0-6 units; if more than 6 units is abnormal.
There is a similar test is the zinc sulfate turbidity test, the normal value is 12 units or less.
3.Glutamyl transferase activity test.
Liver cells contain a lot of glutamate aminotransferase, when liver cells are damaged, this enzyme will be released from the liver cells into the blood, so that the concentration of G?P?T in the blood increases. At present, the normal value of Gluco-Alan aminotransferase varies from hospital to hospital because the method of measurement varies from place to place.
How to read the (+) and (-) on the lab report.
The results of the laboratory test or report form are often expressed by (+), (-). Here (+), (-) is not a mathematical calculation of the addition, subtraction of the symbol, but used to indicate the results of the positive, negative, some people do not quite understand (+) and (-), the actual meaning of positive and negative, confused about what it means.
In general, a positive (+) indicates a certain result of a disease or a change in the physiology of the body. For example, a positive (+) urine pregnancy test for a menopausal woman would indicate that the woman was pregnant and could be prepared mentally. For example, a positive result for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBAngelAPresent) indicates that the woman is a patient or carrier of Hepatitis B virus and should be taken seriously. On the contrary, a negative (-) result on the laboratory test or report form basically denies or excludes the possibility of a certain pathology in most cases.
Sometimes, the number of (+) can also indicate the severity of the development of a disease, that is, represents the change in the number. For example, with diabetes, often do urine glucose test, (+), (+ + +), (+ + + +) sign, it means that the disease of diabetes has changed: (+) for the disease is light, (-) for the disease is under control, and (+ + +) → (+ + + +) indicates that the disease is not under control, in the continued deterioration and development; people suffering from gastric and duodenal ulcer disease, stool occult blood test (+ + +) or (＋＋＋＋) indicates the severity of the patient’s bleeding.
However, a positive or negative, (+) or (-) result sometimes represents the opposite side of the spectrum. For example, when a woman who has been infertile for many years goes for treatment and finds a positive urine pregnancy test (+), the information that she is pregnant will make her happy. Likewise, when the test is negative (-), there should be no blind optimism. For example, a negative ear drum vibration test in a person with otosclerosis is evidence of otosclerosis. A positive (+) result for hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBMoon) indicates resistance to hepatitis B pathogens, while a negative (-) result indicates no resistance yet. Injections of hepatitis B vaccine can turn a negative into a positive.
With the development of medical science, the number of tests and examinations has increased, and the positive and negative results (+) and (-) should be analyzed in order to make a correct judgment.
Reference values of liver function tests.
Glutathione ALT Iu/L 0-40
Glutamic aminotransferase AST Iu/L 0-40
Total protein TP g/L 60-80
Albumin ALB g/L 40-60
Total bilirubin BIL umoI/L 6.0-19.2
Direct bilirubin D-BIL umoI/L 0.0-6.0
Glutamyl transpeptidase CGT Iu/L 0-52
Alkaline phosphatase ALP Iu/L 15-112
Total bile acids TBAumoI/L 0.0-10.0
Leucine aminopeptidase LAP Iu/L 30-70
Uric acid UA umoI/L 210-430
Total cholesterol CHO mmoI/L 3.50-6.50
Triglyceride TG mmoI/L 0.28-1.80
High-density lipoprotein HDLC mmoI/L 1.05-1.91
Low-density lipoprotein LDL mmoI/L 1.81-4.92
Total calcium Tca mmoI/L 2.0-3.0
Phosphorus IP mmoI/l 0.6-1.6
Serum glucose GLU mmoI/l 3.9-5.80
Serum iron Feu g/dL 56-165
Apolipoprotein A1APO-A1 g/L 1.0-1.60