The so-called esophageal squamous carcinoma is a malignant tumor that occurs in the esophagus and has the pathological type of squamous cell carcinoma. Esophageal cancer is one of the common malignant tumors of the digestive system, and the most common pathological type of esophageal cancer in clinical practice is squamous cell carcinoma, which accounts for 90% of esophageal cancer. Besides, other pathological types of esophageal cancer include adenocarcinoma, small cell undifferentiated carcinoma and carcinosarcoma. The most common clinical symptom of esophageal squamous carcinoma is progressive dysphagia, and as the disease progresses, patients will also develop clinical symptoms related to metastases. At present, for the treatment of esophageal squamous carcinoma, early stage cases still adopt radical surgery or radical radiation therapy. For patients with upper and middle esophageal squamous carcinoma, radical radiation therapy is generally adopted. For patients with early stage esophageal squamous carcinoma in the lower part of the esophagus, radical surgery is adopted, and for patients with middle and advanced stage esophageal squamous carcinoma, chemotherapy and radiation therapy are adopted as the main comprehensive treatment.