There are many causes of neonatal hearing impairment, the most common of which are: history of intrauterine infection: cytomegalovirus; rubella virus; herpes; syphilis; toxoplasmosis; exposure to ototoxic drugs during pregnancy, such as gentamicin, teratogenic drugs, such as reactive stop, or radiation; prematurity, <32 weeks of gestation; birth weight <1500g; history of neonatal illness: riboflavin (hyperbilirubinemia), ischemic-hypoxic encephalopathy, cerebral palsy; history of head trauma at birth, including forceps injuries; postnatal syndromes that can lead to sensorineural deafness; and postnatal syndromes including sensorineural and/or conductive deafness. Cerebral palsy; history of syndromes including sensorineural and/or conductive deafness, such as craniomaxillofacial anomalies; history of head trauma at birth, including forceps injury; postnatal infections that can lead to sensorineural deafness, such as bacterial meningitis; family members with permanent deafness; all of the above are risk factors for hearing impairment in newborns, and should be taken seriously by the family if the newborn has any of these conditions. The need for newborn hearing screening: Infancy, especially before the age of 3 weeks, is a critical period for learning language, that is, speech development, during which deafness, even if it is a mild hearing loss, can lead to language impairment and even mental retardation, resulting in psychological and behavioral interaction deficits. Intervention within the first 6 months of life in infants and children with hearing impairment can lead to more desirable treatment outcomes. Therefore, the earlier a child is detected with or without hearing impairment and given the appropriate early treatment, the greater the chance of minimizing the adverse consequences of hearing impairment, such as speech impairment, which can change the life of a deaf child. The newborn hearing screening methods include subjective hearing test and objective hearing test. Subjective hearing test: pediatric behavioral audiometry. Objective hearing tests: otoacoustic emission (OAE), auditory brainstem response (ABR), 40 Hz correlation potential, acoustic impedance, multi-frequency steady state (ASSR), etc. The steps of hearing screening: Stage 1: Hearing screening stage: Initial screening: hearing screening during hospitalization of newborns at birth, testing technique: OAE Re-screening: newborns who failed the initial screening during hospitalization were screened for the second time 42 days after birth Phase 2: Diagnosis of hearing impairment: Newborns who do not pass the initial and repeat screening will undergo a comprehensive diagnostic audiological examination within 3-6 months of birth, including: acoustic conductance, OAE, ABR, 40Hz auditory correlation potential, behavioral audiometry and other relevant tests. Phase 3: Follow-up and treatment:Children diagnosed with hearing loss will be further examined for appropriate treatment and management. Newborns with risk factors for hearing loss should be followed up at least once every 6 months for 3 years even if they pass the hearing screening. In conclusion, if a newborn fails the test, he or she should be retested around 42 days after birth, and if he or she still fails, a diagnostic hearing impairment test and medical evaluation should be performed, and if hearing loss is suspected, the diagnosis should be confirmed within 3 months of birth as much as possible for early treatment. V. Therapeutic intervention: For children with diagnosed hearing impairment, especially sensorineural deafness, early treatment may be performed according to the actual hearing loss. Those with not very severe hearing loss may be fitted with hearing aids for hearing compensation as early as possible, and those with severe or profound deafness need cochlear implant surgery as early as possible, usually at 10 months of age or older.