Classification and clinical manifestations of cerebral palsy

  Children with cerebral palsy lag behind their peers in motor development and are characterized by abnormalities in muscle tone and posture, persistent non-absence of primitive reflexes and positive cone bundle signs. It may be accompanied by epilepsy, strabismus, salivation, mental retardation, sensory impairment, and behavioral disorders.  According to the nature of the movement disorder, it can be divided into: spastic type, involuntary movement type, ataxic type, hypotonia type, and mixed type.  According to the location of the paralysis, it can be divided into: 1.Monoplegia: a single limb is involved.  2.Diplegia: all four limbs are involved, the upper limbs are light and the lower limbs are heavy.  3.Triplegia: three limbs are involved.  4.Hemiplegia: half limb involvement.  5.Quadriplegia: all four limbs are involved.  Spastic type: involvement of the cone bundle, manifesting as weak muscle strength, increased folding-knife-like muscle tone, hyperactive tendon reflexes, pathological reflexes and other partially formed contracture deformities.  1, spastic diplegia: manifested as high muscle tone of both lower limbs, hip and knee flexion, internal rotation of the lower limbs, crossed in a scissor gait, serious cases can not walk independently. It is mostly seen in premature infants and is often accompanied by strabismus.  2. Spastic hemiplegia: the upper limb is more severe than the lower limb, and the distal end is heavier than the proximal end, while the face is often not involved. It is characterized by the lack of movement of the affected limb, persistent fist clenching, non-disappearance of the grip reflex, flexion and rotation of the forearm, and circle gait. It is often accompanied by epilepsy, mental retardation, and strabismus.  3. Spastic quadriplegia: all four limbs have increased muscle tone and are in the shape of corkscrew. It may be accompanied by swallowing and dysarthria, epilepsy and mental retardation, and is mostly seen in children with severe asphyxia.  Involuntary movement type: infants show hypotonia and inability to lift their heads in the early stage, gradually appear involuntary movements, mainly hand and foot tachycardia, may have dancing, tremor, myoclonus, myotonia, salivation, swallowing difficulties, language impairment and other manifestations. Hypoxic brain injury and neonatal nuclear jaundice are the main causes. Those caused by nuclear jaundice mostly show tardive dyskinesia, sensory deafness, and dental enamel dysplasia.  Ataxia: In infancy, it is characterized by hypotonia, balance disorder and motor development delay. In early childhood, signs such as poor distance discrimination and intentional tremor can be found.