What is a hernia? What are its manifestations?

A hernia is a condition in which an organ or tissue leaves its normal anatomical location and enters another part of the body through a congenital or acquired weak point, defect or orifice. Most of them occur in the abdomen and are divided into external and internal hernias. External hernia is commonly known as “hernia”, or “small intestine cascade” or “air egg”. The important manifestation is a protruding mass at the junction of the lower abdomen and the thighs (inguinal region) bilaterally. (However, sometimes the mass is smaller and there is only a mild sensation of swelling in the inguinal region.) It often appears when standing, walking, coughing or working. It is mostly pear-shaped with a stalk, or it can be broad-based in shape. It may descend to the scrotum (in men) or the labia majora (in women). Sometimes there can be symptoms of “indigestion” or constipation. Most hernias can be pushed back into the abdomen by lying down or by hand, but some cannot be fully retracted. Hernias can become entrapped, most often with forceful labor or defecation, and the mass suddenly increases in size and is associated with significant pain. The hernia cannot be retracted by lying down or by hand. The lump is tense and hard and painful when touched, sometimes even abdominal cramps, nausea and vomiting, and cessation of defecation can occur. If the pain is relieved afterwards and the hernia mass still exists, one should not be optimistic that the condition is improving and delay the opportunity to go to the hospital because the pain relief may be a temporary relief due to necrosis and perforation of the hernia contents because of the sudden pressure drop of the hernia mass. Therefore, early detection and treatment is the right approach to treat hernia.