Since 1827, when the first cases of leukemia were reported, and 1845, when leukemia was recognized as a new type of disease, the understanding of leukemia has gone through several stages. The actual cure rate in the 19th century was only 3%-5%. Until the early 1970s, there was still no major breakthrough; in 1962, the Stjude Children’s Institute was established, which made a significant contribution to acute leukemia in children; in December 1967, a new round of chemotherapy was introduced: the intensity of maintenance chemotherapy drugs was increased, and higher doses of cranial radiotherapy and intrathecal methotrexate were used to prevent and treat meningeal leukemia. In 1982, it was demonstrated that the combination of three intrathecal drugs, repeated at regular intervals, was as effective as cranial radiotherapy, thus avoiding the sequelae of poor response to cranial and spinal radiotherapy in most cases. The application of morphological, immunological, cytogenetic, and molecular biology (MICM) typing methods in the diagnosis, typing, and guiding the selection of treatment regimens for childhood acute leukemia, as well as the tracking of microresidual lesions (MRD), common chemotherapeutic agents, and the use of the combination of intrathecal triple agents in the treatment of childhood acute leukemia. In the 1980s and 1990s, the cure rate of acute leukemia in children has increased from 20% 20 years ago to more than 80%. In the 1980s and 1990s, the cure rate of acute gonorrhea in children has increased from 20% 20 years ago to over 80%. The treatment effect of childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is not as remarkable as that of ALL, but the 5-year disease-free survival rate has also increased from 25% to about 30%-49% in 20 years. In China, promising results have been achieved in the treatment of childhood leukemia, with a 5-year disease-free survival rate of 74.6% to 80.0% for ALL and a 10-year disease-free survival rate of 27% for AML. This is mainly attributed to: the accumulation of clinical experience, the increase in the number of medical and nursing staff specializing in hematology and oncology, better infection control measures and supportive therapies, the development of medical insurance business; the discovery and application of new anti-leukemia drugs, such as: cytarabine, levomucoidase, and onychotoxins; changes in the drug regimen, such as: high-dose aminoglycoside-tetrahydrofolate relief, and the application of high-dose cytarabine. There are two main reasons for leukemia treatment failure, firstly, non-remission or relapse due to insensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs and death from primary disease; secondly, death from treatment combination, such as severe infection, drug-induced organ insufficiency, etc. It is very important to grasp the appropriate intensity of chemotherapy and treatment duration. Internationally, the current treatment duration of ALL is 2-3 years, and ANLL treatment duration is 6-12 months, and most medical centers in China extend 1 year accordingly.