The indications for surgery are: ① Refractory epilepsy with seizures that cannot be controlled by regular antiepileptic drug therapy for more than 2 years, with frequent seizures that affect daily life. (ii) Clearly defined epileptic lesions limited to one hemisphere. ③No obvious mental or psychological disorders, IQ>70. ④The lesion will not cause serious neurological deficits after resection. The main surgical methods are: ① Removal of epileptic foci or areas: e.g. cortical, lobotomy and hemispherectomy. ② Blocking the epileptic discharge propagation pathway: it can raise the epileptic threshold and destroy the epileptic excitatory mechanism, such as cerebral joint (corpus callosum) dissection, stereotactic deep brain structures (amygdala, Forel-H area) destruction, including χ-knife and γ-knife treatment. (iii) Stimulation of epileptic inhibitory structures: e.g. vagus nerve stimulation, etc.