The heart has four valves: aortic valve, mitral valve, pulmonary valve, tricuspid valve. If the human heart is compared to an “engine”, these valves are like a one-way “valve”, which can ensure that the blood circulation flows in a certain direction and through a certain flow, if for some reason the valves lose their normal anatomical structure and physiological function, there is If for some reason the valve loses its normal anatomical structure and physiological function, the one-way valve in the heart does not open well or does not close tightly, which can lead to obstruction of blood flow or reverse flow, thus affecting the heart’s “blood pump” function, and over time the heart “pump function” failure, threatening life. Most people think that heart valve disease is more common in adults and less common in children, mainly because China is a developing country and rheumatic heart disease is still the most common heart valve disease, which often develops in adults; in fact, it is not uncommon for children to have heart valve disease in China, because there are many causes of heart valve disease, which can be either congenital or acquired. The former is often combined with other malformations in the heart, such as tricuspid valve downshift malformation (Ebstein malformation), ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, etc. The latter is mostly rheumatic heart valve disease or heart valve disease caused by bacterial infection, etc. And some of them are caused by congenital heart disease, but for various reasons they do not receive timely and reasonable treatment, which leads to heart valve lesions. Heart valve disease can seriously affect the growth and development of the child, and even lead to early death. Therefore, it is very important to prevent the development of heart valve disease in children and to treat the heart valve disease that has occurred in a timely manner. The treatment of pediatric heart valve disease is one of the more difficult problems in the field of cardiac surgery, which makes prevention even more important. Prevention begins at the “source” with health education for pregnant and expectant mothers to reduce the incidence of congenital heart valve disease. Numerous studies have shown that women should avoid viral infections, especially rubella virus, and influenza virus, mumps virus, coxsackie virus and herpes virus are often the “perpetrators” of congenital heart disease in the first trimester of pregnancy, especially during the third to eighth weeks of pregnancy; strictly control blood sugar in pregnant women with diabetes; and avoid exposure to teratogenic drugs. The first is to avoid exposure to teratogenic drugs such as lithium, sodium phenytoin or steroids; to avoid excessive exposure to radioactive substances such as X-rays, isotopes, etc.; to avoid conception in the same room after drinking; to help pregnant women overcome bad habits such as smoking, alcoholism or “passive smoking” by the wife due to husband’s smoking; and to avoid inbred marriages. Secondly, to provide timely and effective diagnosis and treatment for children with congenital heart disease. We often encounter such children in clinical practice, which is a relatively simple congenital heart disease, due to various reasons, delayed the best treatment time, resulting in secondary damage to the heart valve, causing lifelong regret to the child. For example, children with precordial disease have poor health and are prone to respiratory infections, and the infections are more likely to persist, which can easily cause heart valve infections and damage the valves; another example is a ventricular septal defect under the pulmonary valve, which can easily lead to the nearby aortic valve due to the “vortex” caused by the abnormal shunt from the left ventricle to the right ventricle. Therefore, the family has a child with precordial disease, should not be excused “small children, do not want the child to suffer” and delayed treatment, but should promptly go to a large hospital to seek the help of cardiac surgeons. In addition, in some remote areas of China, rheumatic fever is still one of the “culprits” threatening children’s heart health, for this part of the children should also be timely and effective treatment to avoid the involvement of heart valves, which requires strengthening the professional training of medical personnel in primary hospitals and strengthening the construction of primary health units. Finally, children who already have heart valve disease should be diagnosed clearly and treated promptly as early as possible. These children usually have shortness of breath, feeding difficulties, developmental delays, and susceptibility to respiratory infections. When heart failure develops, they may have swollen legs, paroxysmal dyspnea, and inability to lie down, etc. Echocardiography can make a clear diagnosis. The treatment of pediatric heart valve disease is complex and requires a comprehensive analysis of the disease, weighing the pros and cons, and prompt surgical treatment when drug therapy is not effective or when the valve lesion is severe and is expected to cause serious damage to heart function. The principle of surgical treatment for pediatric heart valve disease is to repair the diseased valve by shaping it as much as possible, i.e., to “unblock” the narrowed “valve” so that the blood flow through it increases, and to “backflow” the “valve”. The “valve” that is “backflowing” is reinforced and restored to a “one-way valve”. In recent years, valvuloplasty repair techniques have evolved so rapidly that age is no longer an absolute contraindication to surgical treatment of valve disease; rather, the earlier the surgical intervention, the greater the likelihood of valve repair and the less damage to cardiac function. We are now able to perform valve repair surgery in children several months, or even days, after birth. However, in children who are not suitable for valvuloplasty or who have failed valvuloplasty, especially in those with rheumatic valve disease with significant valve thickening, coiling, or contracture, or in those with infective endocarditis with severe valve damage that cannot be repaired, valve replacement surgery is still needed to save the child’s life. Most pediatric patients who require valve replacement use mechanical valves. Nowadays, both domestic and foreign countries are studying the use of homogeneous biological valves to replace pediatric valves with severe lesions, which do not require anticoagulant drugs and are particularly suitable for pediatric patients, but there are limitations to their service life and they often require valve replacement again in adulthood.