Asthma is currently considered to be a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, mainly due to hypersensitivity of the airways to complex pathogenic factors, mainly allergenic (allergenic) stimuli, with recurrent acute exacerbations on the basis of chronic inflammation. The increased prevalence of asthma is associated with increased individual atopic sensitivity as well as numerous triggering factors. As with most diseases, there are both endogenous and exogenous factors that contribute to the development of asthma. Endogenous factors include genetic, psychological and physiological factors, which are the basis of asthma triggers; exogenous factors include allergens, infections, food, noxious gases, and idiosyncratic odors, especially allergen exposure and upper and lower respiratory tract infections are the main triggers that lead to airway hyperreactivity and stimulate the onset of asthma. Although genetic factors may play a decisive role in disease onset and development, gene therapy has not yet been applied clinically. Therefore, specific interventions targeting allergens as well as triggers such as infections are currently central to the prevention and treatment of asthma. I. Genetic susceptibility Although the genetic evidence related to the development of asthma is still unclear, and the asthma-related genes may vary greatly from patient to patient and from family to family, the obvious tendency of family aggregation of asthma and its close relationship with allergic constitution and even family history of allergy have long been found clinically. In the United States, 20%-25% of patients with asthma have a parent or sibling with asthma, and children with one asthmatic parent have a 2-5 times higher risk of getting asthma than children in non-asthmatic families, and nearly 10 times higher risk if both parents have asthma, suggesting an inherent role of genetics. However, it is also believed that changes in environmental factors may have a more important influence on the increased incidence of asthma than genetics. Although the incidence of respiratory and gastrointestinal infectious diseases is lower in urban residents than in rural areas, the incidence of allergic diseases and asthma is higher than in rural areas. This may be related to air pollution caused by urban industrialization, such as sulfur dioxide, ozone, benzene and industrial waste gases and other large particles that cause irritation to the respiratory tract. Hospitalization rates of asthma patients often increase by 20% to 30% during periods of severe air pollution. The reduction of outdoor activities and the increase of indoor chemical, physical and biological pollution also pose serious risks to human health. House dust contains a variety of allergenic substances, such as dust mites, pollen, animal fur, plant fibers, mold and bacterial metabolites, food residues, cockroaches, etc., which enter the airways mainly through human breathing, produce allergic reactions and cause airway inflammation, resulting in recurrent asthma attacks or seasonal aggravation. 2. Infectious factors Persistent/potential infections such as viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma, and chronic changes left over from infections can induce asthma. Viruses induce inflammatory cells to invade the airways, leading to airway epithelial cell damage, increased vascular permeability, airway wall nerve exposure, and thus increased sensitivity to irritants; they also promote cytokine production and release, exacerbating airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Atypical pathogens are also associated with acute exacerbation or prolonged difficulty in relieving asthma and worsening of asthma, and are the hotspots of interest in recent years, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae. The mechanism of bacterial infection-induced asthma is unclear, and it is hypothesized that bacterial antigens can increase the body’s sensitization to allergens or increase the number of bronchial mucosal dendritic cells, which imbalance the T lymphocyte subpopulation and thus induce asthma. At present, most scholars prefer bacterial infections to be secondary, that is, bacterial infections may be a factor that exacerbates the airway inflammatory response and aggravates asthma on the basis of viral infections and allergen-induced asthma. 3.Other drug factors, food factors, exercise factors, mental factors can also trigger or aggravate the asthma attack. For many years, the GINA (Global Initiative for the Prevention and Treatment of Bronchial Asthma) guidelines have recommended a stepwise treatment for chronic persistent asthma, based on the patient’s level of asthma control and long-term management of asthma as the goal. In the specific treatment process, maintenance therapy is combined with symptom control, and the long-acting β2 agonist inhalation preparation is appropriately prolonged as the basic treatment under the premise of adequate inhaled hormone anti-inflammatory therapy, and the medication is adjusted according to the patient’s trigger, persistent status of attack, severity of disease, and economic conditions. We really should correctly understand and flexibly apply the guidance of GINA guidelines, carefully and meticulously start from each case, and develop an individualized long-term prevention and treatment combination plan under the guidance of the guidelines. The first step needs to be to confirm the diagnosis and develop an initial treatment plan in a general hospital respiratory specialty whenever possible, along with asthma health education and the establishment of a doctor-patient relationship that allows for ready consultation and regular follow-up. In clinical work, patients should be asked about the cause of their symptoms, and if there is a clear history of allergen exposure, allergens should be promptly identified (skin testing and/or serological testing), the cause of sensitization determined, and avoidance measures (physical barrier therapy) and specific interventions (allergen-specific immunotherapy) directed at the cause should be implemented. Early application of allergen-specific immunotherapy in children has been shown to interfere with the natural course of allergic diseases and prevent the progression of asthma and airway hyperresponsiveness. If asthma is accompanied by infections and other triggers, the rational use of anti-microbial agents is required, as well as improving the resistance and immune function of the patient’s organism. In conclusion, a good asthma treatment plan should aim to achieve and maintain asthma control levels and to obtain the best results with the least amount of drugs and at the lowest cost. The treatment of asthma is a dynamic and changing one, and the first consideration should be the appropriateness of the level of treatment and the continuity or continuity of overall treatment to ensure that the patient is in maximum asthma control and to reduce the number of acute exacerbations, especially hospitalizations. This is not only beneficial in slowing the progression of the disease, but also in reducing the total costs associated with asthma treatment. This is precisely why asthma requires a combination of long-term control and prevention. However, unfortunately, many patients are not aware of asthma and fail to adhere to the necessary anti-inflammatory therapy; medical staff in primary care units in China have an outdated concept of asthma diagnosis and treatment, and many new therapeutic drugs are not covered by medical insurance and are expensive, so most patients fail to receive standardized treatment, resulting in the highest annual death rate of asthma patients in the world (36.7 per 100,000).