1.Patients without psychiatric disorders, progressive neurological diseases (such as malignant brain tumor, cerebral vasculitis, multiple sclerosis, etc.). 2. Clearly drug-resistant epilepsy, where the blood concentration reaches an effective level and the treatment is ineffective or inefficient. 3. The duration of the disease is at least 1 to 2 years, with the following exceptions: epilepsy caused by a structural lesion or early diagnosis of medial temporal lobe epilepsy. 4. The patient is suffering from disabling seizures because of the seizures. 5. A total IQ score of 70 or less suggests extensive brain disorders and poor surgical outcome, so an IQ score of 70 or higher is required.