To have an understanding of male diseases, you must first know what organs are included in the male reproductive system and their roles. The scrotum is located behind the root of the penis, between the roots of the thighs on both sides, and is sac-like. In the middle of the scrotum there is a longitudinal septum, called the scrotal septum, which divides the scrotal cavity into two parts, becoming a “dormitory” for the testicles, epididymis and lower spermatic cord on both sides. The scrotum is soft, rich in blood flow and has the characteristics of thermal expansion and contraction, so in addition to cushioning the mechanical impact of the outside world, it can also effectively regulate the room temperature of the “dormitory” to keep it 2 to 3 degrees below body temperature, and this temperature difference between testicular temperature and body temperature is one of the important conditions to ensure the occurrence of sperm. The testicles are located in the scrotum, one on each side, oval in shape, about 4-5 cm long, about 3-4 cm thick, each weighing about 10-15 grams. It is the main organ of the male reproductive system and has two functions: sperm production and androgen secretion. The germ cells of the testes evolve into sperm. The interstitial cells mainly produce androgens, which not only promote spermatogenesis, but also contribute to the development and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics, the development of external genitalia and accessory gonads and the emergence of sexual desire. The supporting cells have a decisive influence on the process of spermatogenesis. The base of sperm production is the varicocele of the testis. The varicocele combine with each other to form the seminiferous tubules, which then converge into 15 to 20 testicular output ducts and finally merge into one duct to enter the head of the epididymis. The epididymis is long and flat, shaped like a half-moon, one on each side, about 5 cm long, attached to the posterior side of the testis, and divided into three parts: head, body and tail. The epididymis is mainly composed of the epididymal duct, which is a small irregular and tortuous duct, 4 to 6 cm long, forming the body and tail of the epididymis. The physiological function of the epididymis is to promote the maturation of sperm and to store and discharge sperm. It accomplishes these functions through the absorption, secretion and concentration functions of the epithelial cells of the epididymis. 4. Spermatic cord and vas deferens The spermatic cord is the flexible software that ties the testes and epididymis, one on each side, starting from the inguinal ring, running obliquely downward in the inguinal canal, entering the scrotum through the subcutaneous ring and ending at the posterior edge of the testes, with a total length of about 11.5-15 cm. The spermatic cord consists of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, vas deferens, part of the levator muscle and fascia including the above-mentioned tissues. The vas deferens is the main structure within the spermatic cord, starting at the tail of the epididymis and ending at the ejaculatory duct, with a total length of about 40 cm. It is directly continuous with the epididymal duct, enters the inguinal canal through the external inguinal ring, enters the internal inguinal ring and advances along the lateral wall of the small pelvis in a posterior and inferior direction, then turns inward, crosses over the end of the ureter, goes between the bladder and rectum to the bottom of the bladder, and at the upper end of the seminal vesicle along the inner side of the seminal vesicle downward and inward in a shuttle-shaped expansion, becoming The lower end of the vas deferens tapers off and joins with the seminal vesicle excretory duct at the back of the prostate base to form the ejaculatory duct. The spermatic cord is a necessary route for blood circulation and lymphatic return to the testes, epididymis and vas deferens, and its main function is to ensure the spermatogenic function of the testes and the transport of mature sperm. The vas deferens is the only channel for transporting sperm from the epididymis to the urethra of the prostate. The prostate gland is only one, chestnut-shaped, located in the lower part of the bladder, in front of the rectum and below the seminal vesicles, weighing about 18 grams (25 centimeters long, about 35 centimeters across the bottom, and about 25 centimeters thick), divided into several areas: the central zone, the peripheral zone, and the superfluous zone. The urethra passes through the middle of it. The prostate gland secretes prostatic fluid, which contains many trace elements and many hydrolytic proteases, one of the components that make up seminal plasma. The prostatic fluid secreted by the prostate gland can pass through 16 to 32 prostatic ducts opening in the posterior urethra to the urethra, and is excreted mainly through seminal emission. 6, seminal vesicles and ejaculatory ducts The seminal vesicles, one on each side, are located on the outside of the vas deferens, long oval-shaped sacs, about 3 to 5 cm long, which look milky white and transparent to the naked eye, and secrete seminal fluid, accounting for about 70% of the semen volume. The lower end of the spermathecae is straight and thin as the excretory duct, and converges with the end of the vas deferens to form the ejaculatory duct. The ejaculatory duct is about 2 cm long and penetrates into the prostate from the bottom of the prostate, opening on the seminal frenulum, which is also a channel for transporting semen. The male urethra is both urinary and seminal, with a dual function, 16-20 cm in length, divided into four sections: prostate, membrane, bulb and penis. The ball part of the urethra next to the urethral ball gland, can secrete fluid, participate in the composition of semen, and can lubricate the head of the penis during sexual intercourse. 8, penis The main function is to complete sexual intercourse, consisting of two dorsal penile corpus cavernosum and a ventral urethral corpus cavernosum, divided into three parts: penis head, penis body and penis root. The adult penis is about 7 to 10 cm long when not erect, and its length and volume can increase more than one time when fully erect. The corpus cavernosum is composed of numerous trabeculae and inter-trabecular spaces. The trabeculae are connective tissue, elastic fibers, and smooth muscle, and the lumen is spongy and directly connected to blood vessels. The spiral arteries of the vessels have a valvular role for the smooth muscle of the vessel wall. These special structures make the cavernous body of the penis an erectile tissue, and erection of the penis is a prerequisite for the completion of sexual intercourse.