The best treatment for aplastic anemia includes immunosuppressive therapy as well as hematopoietic therapy, the ultimate means being hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, which consists of these three main means. The first is immunosuppressive therapy, which usually involves the use of, for example, cyclosporine and anti-thymocyte immunoproteins. The second is the treatment to promote hematopoiesis, such as the use of drugs such as androgens, stimulating factors to promote granulocyte growth, stimulating factors to promote red blood cell growth, and stimulating factors to promote platelet growth. Thirdly, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is performed by matching with one’s relatives and searching for a suitable donor in the Chinese bone marrow bank, collecting peripheral blood stem cells from the donor and transfusing them into the patient to achieve the purpose of hematopoietic reconstruction. For patients with severe or very severe aplastic anemia, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the preferred treatment.