It is possible to regenerate pancreatic islet cells under certain conditions, but the current state of medical technology does not allow for regeneration. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease with hyperglycemia as the main symptom, which is mainly caused by the absolute or relative insufficiency of insulin secretion or insulin resistance. Pancreatic β-cell regeneration provides new ideas for diabetic patients’ blood glucose and complications by increasing the number of functional β-cells and improving insulin secretion in patients. However, these studies are currently limited to animal and in vitro studies, and there is still a lot of room for exploration. With the current level of medical technology, it is not yet possible to promote pancreatic islet cell regeneration. Patients diagnosed with diabetes should actively cooperate with doctors for treatment.