The increase or decrease of SOD superoxide dismutase can indicate some physiological or pathological states, and can also determine the effect of drug and surgical treatment. Superoxide dismutase SOD can disproportionate free radicals, SOD and free radical levels show a negative correlation, so SOD can indirectly reflect the free radical metabolism of the human body, to monitor the free radical levels of patients with liver disease, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, tumors, endocrine diseases, etc., and to understand the damage to the body as well as the effect of treatment. When the body is damaged by free radicals, the level of SOD will be reduced, which can be seen in the physiological conditions of the elderly and insufficient intake of antioxidant nutrients such as manganese and vitamins, etc.; it can also be seen in the pathological conditions of cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, craniocerebral injury, and cardiac infarction; and there will be a reduction in SOD after hyperbaric oxygen, radiotherapy, and reperfusion therapy. In general, real-time dynamic monitoring of SOD will have more important reference value for diagnosis and treatment of diseases, and it is recommended that patients consult with specialists and follow the doctor’s instructions for examination and treatment.