Recently, a patient refused to take her medication after seeing a report about a major breakthrough in the surgical treatment of schizophrenia, and her mother called to ask if she could be treated surgically. After treatment, the patient took the college entrance exam, and although her grades were not very good, she still got into college. Recently, her condition had fluctuated again, and her mother wanted to have the surgery “once and for all”. However, I made it clear that surgical treatment for schizophrenia is not recommended. Schizophrenia is an interdisciplinary and comprehensive scientific research topic that involves genetics, biomedicine, genetic engineering and other multidisciplinary fields, and is closely related to social factors, susceptibility and stress. To date, significant but still limited breakthroughs have been made in its understanding. Operational diagnostic criteria are still used for schizophrenia, which are divided into two categories: positive and negative symptoms. The traditional antipsychotic drugs are based on the theory of “hyper-secretion of a chemical called dopamine in the brain center”, which is effective in treating positive symptoms but poor in treating negative symptoms. Later, through improvements, second-generation antipsychotic drugs were effective for both categories of symptoms, but side effects such as sedation, drowsiness, and endocrine disruption were more severe. This is one of the important factors for patients’ refusal to continue medication treatment after remission and recovery (i.e., compliance). With the progress of scientific research and the introduction of third-generation antipsychotic drugs, schizophrenia is now almost morbidity-free as long as it is treated under the proper guidance of a doctor, except for a very small number of cases with poor efficacy or due to a combination of geographical and economic factors. It is marked by the disappearance of psychotic symptoms, with complete or most of self-knowledge and restoration of social functioning. A person with localized and focal diseases in the brain, such as brain tumors, is treated surgically by neurosurgery, which is not a less effective means. However, human understanding of the etiology of schizophrenia is still too limited. In addition to the “dopamine hypersecretion” theory, scientists have found functional abnormalities in the “limbic system” of the brain that governs emotions. But what is it that affects these systems and produces the disease? Is it genetic, individual susceptibility or a combination of stress and environmental factors? These questions remain to be studied and explored. Psychosurgery was used clinically before the advent of antipsychotic drugs, but with the development of scientific research and extensive clinical practice, surgery for schizophrenia is increasingly “off the radar”. Psychosurgery is aimed at closely related areas of the “dopamine neuromediator and affective limbic system” and is used to achieve the “desired” treatment through selective or limited disruption. The most commonly used procedure is “stereotactic surgery” and its theoretical basis is controversial. However, most scholars believe that the relationship between normal and abnormal thinking and the emotional and behavioral centers of the brain is only relative, and that each mental activity may be more related to one brain region than to other brain regions, and that there are many anatomical and physiological functions and functions that need to be further explored. Despite the small instrumental damage of selective stereotactic surgery, in clinical practice the core symptoms still need to be controlled with medication, except for the control of extreme impulsive behavior, and some cases have a series of postoperative injury sequelae.