Psychiatric disorders that are mainly caused by psychological factors and are dominated by psychological symptoms, represented by “neurosis”, are classified as “mild psychiatric disorders”, and are also psychological disorders that people are more likely to suffer from in their daily lives, and deserve to be fully understood and recognized. Feng Qiang, psychiatrist, Shanghai Mental Health Center What is neurosis? Most of the modern psychiatric terms are translated from Western medical terms, and there are often difficulties in translating them into Chinese due to linguistic influences. In addition, medical names are sometimes influenced by the development of medical concepts in the past. This is because of the special expectation of history, which makes the translation more difficult. An example of such difficulty in translation is the term “neurosis”, which focuses on psychological symptoms. Neurosis” is a mild mental disorder. The original English term is “psychoneurosis”: this English name is a historical proverbial term. Because psychiatry in the late 19th century. In order to distinguish it from internal diseases such as inflammation, hemorrhage, tumors, and trauma, patients suffering from nervousness, fear, terror, depression, and other mental conditions were widely classified as “neurosis,” which means a disorder related to the “nervous system. The term neurosis refers to disorders related to the “nervous system”. Later, psychoanalysts believed that the occurrence of these mental conditions was not directly related to the nervous system and was not a neurological disease, but a psychological disorder, so they put the word “mental” in front of it and made it a mental neurosis to suggest that it was a mental disorder related to psychological phenomena. Neurological disorders. The distinction between neurology and psychosis is confusing, so the direct translation of “mental neurosis” is not appropriate for Chinese people, so some people translate it as “neurosis. Therefore, some people translate it as “neurosis” to emphasize that it is a “functional disorder” of the nervous system; others call it a “psychological disorder”, which is a strong mental disorder; it is more helpful to the development of mental health. “psychosis. What exactly does “neurosis” mean? Simply put, it is a state in which a person suffers from excessive stress, anxiety, fear, worry, and depression that interferes with daily life and work functioning. Despite the non-functional psychological state, the person’s basic thinking is still normal, and he or she generally talks logically and has good contact with reality. The person’s personality remains intact and is different from that of a heavy “psychotic” person, who may exhibit strange emotions, actions or behaviors. Therefore, it is also a kind of “mild psychiatric disorder” and is a common psychological disorder for “ordinary people”, which can be distinguished from major psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, paranoia or severe emotional psychosis. “There are many types of neurosis, including anxiety disorders, hysteria, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobias, hypochondria, etc. Let us explain them one by one. The basic pathology of anxiety disorders – when a person encounters danger in real life, a psychological reaction of fear arises; if a person is psychologically afraid of a dangerous situation, the psychological reaction of “anxiety” occurs. For example, if a person encounters a large snake face to face in the mountains, he or she will be afraid; if he or she is worried about being eaten by wild animals tomorrow. It is anxiety. When a person goes to see a doctor, he or she is afraid and scared because of the painful injection. Later, when he sees a person wearing self-colored clothes (like a doctor or a nurse), he worries whether he will be given another injection and tries to avoid it, so he has an “anxiety reaction”. The “anxiety reaction” can be described as a psychological symptom that arises in response to a danger or difficulty that one anticipates in one’s mind. Main symptoms – When a person has anxiety disorder, the symptoms are those of a normal person. When a person has an anxiety disorder, the symptoms presented are understandable. In other words, a person may feel anxious, worried, anxious, and troubled subjectively, and may have a heartbeat, muscle tension and aches, sweating, poor appetite, inability to eat, poor sleep, and excessive dreams on the physical side. In terms of behavior, you may feel restless, wandering around, and unable to concentrate on your work. You may lose your temper easily. Some people will also have bad breath, rashes or some physical phenomena called “liver fire” over time. Although anxiety is a symptom, but also a psychological animal protection mechanism, to themselves or others to put forward warning signals, that will face insurmountable dangerous state. Anxiety about difficulties is an important function of individual survival. Appropriate anxiety and anxiety can stimulate us. But anxiety, anxiety or worrying too much, I feel uncomfortable, affect the body, but also affect the daily life, is to enter the state of anxiety disorders. In particular, if the degree of anxiety increases, the patient becomes restless, unable to concentrate on his work, or even unable to walk or drive attentively, or if the object of anxiety becomes generalized, and the patient is worried, afraid and anxious about everything, forming a “generalized anxiety disorder”, the patient should rely on professional medicine for treatment. Principles and directions of treatment – The treatment of anxiety disorders depends on the severity of the condition. If the anxiety, panic or fear is very severe, it is appropriate to use appropriate medication (i.e., anxiolytics) to reduce the symptoms and only after the symptoms have subsided, add psychotherapy. Some people rely on alcohol or cigarettes to relieve tension, but alcohol and tobacco are bad for the body and are not ideal for treatment, and may lead to uncontrollable bad effects. The problem of chemical abuse addiction arises. If it is due to the difficulties or setbacks encountered in the face of reality, such as fear of not doing well in exams, fear of not being able to pay debts when due, fear that a family member’s operation will not go well, encounter unexpected results, etc., it can be dealt with according to these realities. For example, advise the patient to spend more time preparing for the exam, to borrow money from relatives or banks so that the debt can be paid, or to intercede with the debtor to postpone the payment of the debt; to learn more about the operation and the disease, and to reduce unnecessary suspicion and worry so that the patient can cope with the tension in a rational manner, etc. These educational, counseling or supportive psychotherapies are called supportive counseling, and any family member, friend, teacher or health care worker with psychological knowledge should provide assistance. There is a treatment model in psychotherapy called “behavioral therapy”. Behavioral therapy is characterized by a set of therapeutic operations that are tailored to the desired psychological or behavioral change. If you want to reduce anxiety, you can use the principles of behavioral therapy to practice how to deal with stressful situations. Or increase relaxation to counteract anxiety. The easiest way to do this is to first practice how to relax yourself. For example, explore breathing, relax the muscles all over the body, play tai chi, do light exercises, listen to relaxing music and so on. Whenever you encounter your own mental tension and anxiety, immediately use the “relaxation method” that you are accustomed to and can help to generate mental and physical relaxation in order to counteract or offset the anxious mood state. If what you are anxious about is not directly related to reality, but is based on your inner fantasies and perceptions. If the anxiety is not directly related to reality, but is based on one’s inner fantasies and perceptions, then we should proceed in the direction of analytical psychotherapy and perform therapeutic work on the inner situation. For example, a young girl in her late teens suddenly thinks about whether her mother will have an accident when she comes to school recently, and she is worried and anxious and has to go home every now and then to see what is going on. For such anxiety patients, we need to analyze and discuss why such thoughts have recently arisen and why they are afraid, and to treat the anxiety problem in response to such inner fantasies. For example, whether the parents have been fighting recently. The girl is afraid that her mother will kill herself; whether the girl speaks for her father. Is it because her grandmother, who has been taking care of her since she was a child, has died recently? The reason for this particular anxiety is that the girl is worried whether her mother will also die. Needless to say, this kind of anxiety due to internal complexes requires analytical psychotherapy by an experienced psychotherapist to help the patient explore the contents of her inner fantasies and fears and release these internal complexes. The name and pathological concept of hysteria caused by psychological shock – the familiar “hysteria” – is a historical name for the disease. In ancient times, when Greek medicine was prevalent and medical knowledge was limited, it was mistakenly thought that some young girls had emotional attacks, crying and screaming. It was explained that the uterus in the body was running around in order to find the opposite sex, so it was named “uterine dislocation”. Later, psychoanalysts created the concept of “transformation”. This means that the psychological frustration does not present itself as psychological symptoms, but is transformed into a motor disorder controlled by the random nervous system (e.g., twitching or paralysis of the arms and legs) or a sensory disorder in the sensory system (e.g., numbness, inability to hear or see, etc.), presenting somatic symptoms, and these symptoms often have a symbolic meaning. The other condition is a change in consciousness, presenting disorientation, trance, loss of sense of self or multiple personalities, etc., which is summarized as “dissociative disorder”. In our country, the meaning of hysteria is called “hysteria”, which means a psychological disorder caused by one’s own mind, which is quite appropriate. Whether it is “conversion disorder” or “dissociation disorder”. The basic pathology of hysteria is that when a person faces a psychological setback or difficulty, especially a psychological trauma, an internal struggle or an extreme emotional conflict that he or she is unable to deal with or adapt to properly, he or she adopts a more naive defense mechanism by “conversion” or “dissociation” to cope with the difficulty. The role of “conversion” or “dissociation” to cope with the difficulties. For example, the husband went out drinking with friends and came back late, and when he came home in the middle of the night, his dissatisfied wife opened her mouth to Mr. He was so angry that he hit his wife’s face and scolded her for her nagging and talking. When the doctor examined her, he found that she could cough. The doctor found that the patient could cough out sounds, but could not speak. She could only write with a pen, saying that she had been hit in the mouth by her husband and was “unable to speak”, so she could be said to be suffering from hysterical aphasia. A young girl, who suddenly found out that her boyfriend was hiding her from her, and her sister, suddenly cried and screamed, and was in a trance, and spoke in a different accent, and spoke or acted as if she was her sister. She became a completely different person. After the family took care of her and her boyfriend explained and apologized, she recovered in less than half a day. These are all examples of hysterical episodes, which are familiar and commonly seen. Principles and principles of treatment – When a person has a hysterical episode, family members or friends must first understand what psychological stimulus caused the episode. It is best to carefully review what the situation was before the attack, what psychological shock was suffered, and to work on the psychological difficulties. Establish a trustworthy relationship with the patient and provide appropriate support, comfort and reassurance. This can help the patient recover. When caring for a dysthymic patient, do not pretend to be sick and try to expose the patient. Otherwise, the patient’s condition may worsen. The patient should be cared for from the point of view of the patient having psychological difficulties. However, do not be overly concerned about the patient, desperately trying to coax the patient, so that the patient invariably get “extra benefits” because of the illness, and as a result, do not want to get better, and keep the state of hysteria. Especially in young patients, who have received many benefits from family members after their illness, they may continue to be sick and do not want to recover sooner. For example, witnessing the murder of a loved one or the rape of oneself. Sometimes it is a violent reaction to a replay of a childhood trauma, such as being abandoned by parents as a child and now experiencing a similar situation, such as a family member or friend going away, that causes a great emotional reaction. Sometimes hysteria arises when the patient has an immature view of people and things, or is more naive in terms of mental development and has a strong psychological reaction to premature contact with the opposite sex. Sometimes it is a problem in the development of the mind, and the patient is often entangled in a triangle with others in the relationship between men and women, and is unable to get rid of it. If this is the case, it is best to receive psychotherapy to treat these specific psychological symptoms.