China is a high incidence area of esophageal cancer and one of the countries with the highest mortality rate, especially in rural areas, which is a serious threat to people’s health. Since there are no symptoms in the early stage, until they seek medical attention for difficulty in swallowing and eating, the disease has reached the middle and late stage. At present, it is believed that long-term stimulation of some physical and chemical factors and excessive carcinogenic substances in food, especially nitrate substances, are important causes of esophageal cancer, while lack of trace elements and minerals in food (such as molybdenum, zinc and selenium deficiency), alcoholism, smoking, genetic mutation and genetic factors may also be involved in the occurrence of esophageal cancer. Prevention of esophageal cancer is undoubtedly the most fundamental measure to control esophageal cancer, and tertiary prevention of esophageal cancer should be carried out according to the biological characteristics of the occurrence and development of esophageal cancer in terms of etiology, pathogenesis and clinical diagnosis and treatment. It mainly includes the following aspects: 1.Change the bad living and eating habits: don’t eat too hot food, less stimulating food, no smoking and less drinking. 2.Do not eat fermented and moldy food; eat less pickled food (which contains a large amount of nitrosamines, which have strong carcinogenic effects); do a good job in preventing and detoxifying food; encourage eating more vegetables and fruits to increase the intake of nutrients, vitamin A, C, E, riboflavin and folic acid; increase the intake of trace elements. 3.Early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment. Early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment of esophageal cancer have the best treatment effect, so “three early” measures are of great importance. There are the following conditions: 1. having digestive system symptoms; 2. having family history of esophageal cancer and gastric cancer; 3. having positive occult blood test in esophagus or stomach for unknown reasons; 4. smoking and drinking alcohol, long-term consumption of large amount of fermented and moldy sauerkraut and moldy food, etc. 5. Chronic esophagitis with atypical hyperplasia (especially severe atypical hyperplasia) is a high-risk group for the development of esophageal cancer. When there are symptoms such as sluggishness, stagnation or slight choking sensation when swallowing food, painful sensation when swallowing, foreign body sensation in esophagus, etc., one should be alert to the possibility of esophageal cancer development. Clinicians must also be alert to early esophageal cancer and do not casually exclude this diagnosis or settle for other explanations for suspicious patients in order to enable early diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancer patients. (4) The treatment methods of esophagus are surgery and radiotherapy, chemotherapy, interventional therapy and other methods. Surgical resection is the first choice of esophageal cancer treatment. Meanwhile, because esophageal cancer is mainly squamous cancer, which is more sensitive to radiotherapy, radiotherapy can be used for early and middle stage patients who do not want to operate or cannot operate. Chemotherapy is usually used for advanced cases that cannot be operated or treated with radiotherapy, and it is the only effective method to prevent and treat systemic metastasis of esophageal cancer. For patients with severe obstruction symptoms, stenting can be placed through gastroscopy to relieve the obstruction.