enteritis



OVERVIEW

Definition

The definition of enteritis is broad, including infectious enteritis caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites, and also non-infectious enteritis caused by poisoning, long-term use of antibiotics, immune factors and the environment.

The most common clinical manifestations are fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea and mucus, pus and blood stools, etc. In severe cases, it can lead to dehydration, acid-base balance imbalance and electrolyte disorders, and even life-threatening.

Classification

Classification according to the time of onset

Acute enteritis

In China, the incidence rate is higher in summer and fall, with no gender difference, and the general incubation period is 12-36 hours. Its occurrence is mostly due to improper diet, such as eating unclean or cold food, overeating and so on.

Clinical manifestations mainly include fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, etc., which may lead to dehydration or even shock in severe cases.

Chronic enteritis

Clinical manifestations are long-term chronic or recurrent abdominal pain, diarrhea and dyspepsia, etc. In severe cases, there may be mucus or watery stools.

The degree of diarrhea varies from 3 to 4 times a day in light cases, or alternating diarrhea and constipation; in heavy cases, the diarrhea may occur once every 1 to 2 hours, and even fecal incontinence may occur.

Some patients may have nocturnal diarrhea and/or postprandial diarrhea. When the rectum is involved, there may be a feeling of urgency and heaviness. The fecal matter is mostly paste-like, mixed with a lot of mucus, pus and blood. If the lesion extends above the rectum, blood is often mixed with feces or bloody diarrhea occurs.

Classification according to the cause

Infectious enteritis

It refers to the infection caused by various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, etc. These pathogenic microorganisms can damage the intestinal mucosa and produce an inflammatory response, leading to enteritis.

Non-infectious enteritis

Abnormal body immune mechanism: such as inflammatory bowel disease including Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, etc., the development of which is mainly caused by immune imbalance.

Intestinal ischemia: various causes of intestinal ischemia, such as mesenteric artery thrombosis and embolism, can cause ischemic enteritis.

Physical factors: related to X-ray exposure, etc., such as when radiation therapy is performed after pelvic surgery, it can cause intestinal damage, which can lead to radiation enteritis.

Drugs and poisons factors: such as eating poisons to corrode the intestinal mucosa or long-term intake of antibiotics and other drugs lead to enteritis.

Genetic factors: the development of inflammatory bowel disease has a genetic predisposition, and the incidence rate of first-degree relatives is significantly higher than that of the general population.

Morbidity

Different types of enteritis have different morbidity characteristics.

Infectious enteritis: it can develop in all ages, often in patients with a history of contact with infected areas or a history of eating spoiled food or unclean food.

Toxic enteritis: most often seen in the work environment is often exposed to drugs, poisons, or patients with light thoughts.

Antibiotic-associated enteritis: most common in elderly and frail patients who frequently use antibiotics.

Crohn’s disease: common in adolescents, peak age of onset is 18-35 years old, with similar prevalence in men and women.

Ulcerative colitis: this disease can occur at any age, most common in 20 to 40 years old, can also be seen in children or the elderly.

Ischemic enteritis: there is an age difference in the onset of the disease, and the high incidence of the population is the elderly over 60 years old. Especially those who are combined with cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus, the vascular condition is worse and the incidence rate is higher.

Radiation enteritis: Acute radiation enteritis occurs in about 75% of patients with pelvic radiotherapy, and 5-20% of them will develop into chronic radiation enteritis.

Etiology

Causes

Infectious enteritis

Bacterial enteritis

For bacterial enteritis, see enteritis caused by Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Yersinia (causes small bowel colitis), Trichophyton producer, Campylobacter jejuni, and Clostridium difficile (canine hemorrhagic gastroenteritis).

The causative agent of bacterial enteritis is most commonly S. dysenteriae, followed by Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella.

Helicobacter pylori infection causes duodenitis.

It is mostly caused by eating unclean food.

Viral enteritis

The common pathogens of viral enteritis include rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus, adenovirus, and embedded cup virus.

Among viral enteritis, rotavirus is the main cause of diarrhea in infants and children.

Infants, the elderly, and other immunocompromised individuals are susceptible.

Fungal enteritis

Fungal enteritis is commonly caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, Algae, Aspergillus, and Candida albicans.

Fungal enteritis is most commonly caused by Candida albicans.

Parasitic enteritis

Parasitic enteritis can be caused by flagellates, amoebas, toxoplasmosis, roundworms, hookworms and so on.

Parasitic enteritis is more commonly caused by ameba in dissolved tissues.

Non-infectious enteritis

Toxic enteritis

Polluted or spoiled food, irritating chemicals, certain heavy metal poisoning, and certain allergic reactions can cause enteritis.

Antibiotic-associated enteritis

Enteritis caused by misuse of antibiotics, resulting in intestinal flora imbalance, or the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.

Enteritis caused by intestinal ischemic factors

Ischemic enteropathy is a kind of acute or chronic ischemic disease caused by various reasons such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases or hypovolemia, shock or recent abdominal surgery, which causes the blood supply to a certain intestinal segment to be reduced or stopped, resulting in insufficient blood supply to the intestinal wall and causing a series of pathological changes in the intestinal tract.

Enteritis caused by environmental factors

It is due to acute or chronic inflammation of the small intestine wall induced by abdominopelvic radiotherapy or long-term exposure to radiation.

Inflammatory bowel disease due to genetic or immunologic factors

Inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, is an autoimmune inflammatory disease caused by a variety of genetic, immune and other etiologic factors, and the specific pathogenesis is still unclear.

Predisposing factors

Unhealthy dietary habits

Such as unclean diet, overeating, eating spicy and irritating, too cold or too hot food, it will lead to intestinal mucosal damage, peristalsis accelerated, inducing enteritis to occur.

Malnutrition

Malnutrition will weaken the patient’s ability to resist infection and affect the healing of intestinal wounds, thus affecting the body’s response to medication.

Low immunity

Some people with low immunity, such as the elderly, infants and young children, will have reduced immunity to resist external viruses, and will be easily infected with the disease.

High risk factors

The following factors are closely related to the increased risk of enterocolitis and are high risk factors for the disease.

Children

Especially children younger than 2 years old are susceptible to infection by pathogenic microorganisms, such as the common rotavirus, due to their underdeveloped gastrointestinal function and weakened defenses, which can lead to enterocolitis.

Elderly people

Due to weakened intestinal function and relatively low immunity, they are susceptible to infections that can lead to enteritis.

Immunocompromised people

Patients who have basic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, or those who are combined with malignant tumors or tuberculosis, etc., have lower than normal immune function and are prone to various infections in the intestinal tract.

Patients who have recently taken oral antibiotics

Easy to develop intestinal flora imbalance, especially need to be alert to Clostridium difficile infection and enteritis.

Symptoms

Main Symptoms

Typical clinical symptoms of enterocolitis include abdominal pain, diarrhea, which may be accompanied by fever, mucus, pus and blood stools.

Abdominal pain

The location of abdominal pain is not exact, and the nature of abdominal pain is often dull pain or colic, and the abdominal pain can be paroxysmal or persistent.

Diarrhea

Acute enteritis diarrhea, feces are mostly paste, or even drainage-like stools, the condition of the light person to solve the stool 3 to 4 times / day, the serious cases can reach dozens of times a day.

Chronic enteritis diarrhea varies in severity, the mild case of daily bowel movements 3 to 4 times, or alternating diarrhea and constipation; the severe case can be once every 1 to 2 hours, and even fecal incontinence. Some patients may have diarrhea at night and/or after meals. Sometimes it is accompanied by a feeling of urgency and heaviness.

Mucus, pus and blood stools

Some patients have blood in the stool, which is limited to the rectum, called hemorrhagic proctitis, and the blood or stool is discharged separately or attached to the normal or dry fecal surface, which is often mistaken for hemorrhoidal bleeding. Patients with proctitis also often have mucus, pus and blood in the stool.

Fever

Depending on the extent of the disease, some patients may have different degrees of fever, which usually improves after the infection is controlled.

Other symptoms

Some patients with severe enteritis, especially those with acute enteritis, have a rapid onset of the disease and may have symptoms of dehydration, which may be accompanied by increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, pallor, weak pulse, and other signs of hypovolemia.

Patients with enterocolitis accompanied by bloody stools may experience clinical symptoms of shock, such as increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, chilled limbs, and fainting, if they bleed too much in a short period of time.

When the lesions of enteritis patients are located in the rectum and sigmoid colon, they will be accompanied by the manifestations of urgency and heaviness, and anal swelling sensation.

Complications

Intestinal perforation

If enteritis is not treated promptly, there is a possibility that the inflammation may lead to increased damage to the intestinal mucosa, resulting in intestinal perforation and causing diffuse peritonitis.

The patient may suddenly feel abdominal pain aggravated, accompanied by rebound pain and muscle tension and other signs of peritoneal irritation.

Intestinal bleeding

It is often caused by inflammation leading to intestinal mucosal injury and ulcer formation, which involves the large blood vessels.

If the amount of bleeding is relatively large, the patient may experience hemorrhagic shock, such as increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, low urine output, etc., which requires emergency fluid and blood transfusion.

Toxic megacolon

Mostly seen in ulcerative colitis, the inflammation spreads to the muscular layer of the colon and the intermuscular plexus, resulting in low intestinal wall tension, segmental paralysis of the intestinal wall, large accumulation of intestinal contents and gas, causing acute intestinal dilatation, thinning of the intestinal wall, and easy to occur intestinal perforation.

Patients may have high fever, tachycardia, decreased blood pressure, drowsiness, etc.; there are dehydration and electrolyte balance disorders, and bowel pattern, abdominal pressure pain, and loss of bowel sounds can be seen on examination.

Primary small bowel malabsorption syndrome

As one of the complications of chronic enteritis, patients with this complication will have the characteristic manifestations of large stool volume, heavy odor and pale color.

Patients may also have abdominal pain, bloating, generalized weakness, etc. Meanwhile, patients’ mental ability may be affected and they may not be able to concentrate.

Bowel cancer

Repeated attacks of chronic enteritis or long-term stimulation of intestinal mucosa by toxins may lead to cancer.

Symptoms such as abdominal pain, abdominal distension, increased frequency of bowel movements and blood in stools may occur.

Intestinal stenosis

It mostly occurs in cases with extensive lesions and the duration of the disease lasts for more than 5 to 25 years, and can cause intestinal obstruction in severe cases.

Consultation

Department of Medicine

Gastroenterology

If you have abdominal pain, diarrhea, or fever, or mucus, pus, or blood in the stool, we recommend that you consult the Department of Gastroenterology.

Emergency Department

When the patient has obvious abdominal pain, abdominal distension, passing bright red blood stool, or showing signs of shock such as increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, pallor, weak pulse, etc., it is recommended to go to the Emergency Department of the hospital in a timely manner.

General Surgery

Some patients are recommended to go to the General Surgery Department if they have sudden onset of abdominal pain, suspected perforation of the intestines and other complications.

Preparation

Consultation: Registration, Preparation of Information, Frequently Asked Questions

Tips for medical treatment

If you have bloody stools, you should fast for a while before going to the doctor.

Wear loose clothing to facilitate medical checkup or examination.

Preparation Checklist

Symptom list

Pay particular attention to the time of onset of symptoms, special manifestations, etc.

Is there any abdominal pain? Where is it located? Are they paroxysmal or persistent? Can it be relieved?

Is there diarrhea? How many bowel movements per day? Is the stool heavy? What color is the stool?

Is it accompanied by a feeling of urgency and swelling in the anus?

Have you ever had a fever? What is the highest temperature? Are there any chills or chills?

Did you have nausea or vomiting? What was the vomit? Was it profuse? Have you ever vomited blood?

Any recent loss of appetite? Any recent weight loss?

How long have you had these symptoms?

Have you ever been infected with Helicobacter pylori?

List of medical history

Have you eaten unclean food, spicy and irritating food?

Any long-term use of antibiotics, poisons, etc.?

Have you ever had a colonoscopy in the past?

Checklist

Test results in the past 6 months, which can be brought to the doctor’s office

Laboratory tests: blood routine, fecal routine + occult blood, fecal culture, etc.

Imaging tests: abdominal plain film, abdominal CT, abdominal ultrasound, etc.

Endoscopic examination: small enteroscopy, colonoscopy, etc.

Medication list

Medication in the last 3 months, such as medicine or package, can be carried to the doctor

Anti-infective drugs: such as amoxicillin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, etc.

Drugs to inhibit intestinal peristalsis and intestinal fluid secretion: e.g. atropine, belladonna combination, scopolamine, chlorpromazine, etc.

Glucocorticoids: such as hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone.

Immunosuppressants: e.g. cyclosporine, tacrolimus, etc.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is based on

medical history

The patient may have the following conditions:

Recent history of unclean eating.

Past history of inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.

Past history of radiation therapy.

History of taking antibiotics, exposure to toxins, etc.

Clinical manifestations

Symptoms

Patients mainly present with abdominal pain and diarrhea with fever and mucopurulent bloody stools.

Physical signs

Abdominal examination is mostly without obvious abnormality. Patients with significant symptoms of enterocolitis may have tenderness on palpation of the abdomen and an increased number of bowel sounds on auscultation.

When complicated by intestinal perforation leading to diffuse peritonitis, the abdominal examination reveals obvious pressure pain, rebound pain and muscle tension; when accompanied by intestinal hemorrhage, the bowel sounds are active on auscultation.

Laboratory tests

Blood tests

It is mainly used to determine the presence or absence of infection.

Increased white blood cell and neutrophil counts in routine blood tests indicate bacterial infection; when there is a viral infection, the lymphocyte and monocyte counts in routine blood tests are often increased.

C-reactive protein

C-reactive protein is a sensitive indicator of the presence of infection in the body and is important in the diagnosis of infectious enteritis.

C-reactive protein is often elevated in enteritis caused by bacterial infection.

Fecal routine + Occult blood test

It mainly looks for the presence of bacteria, fungi or parasites, etc. It is important for the diagnosis of infectious enteropathy.

Fecal occult blood test can be used to indicate whether the patient has gastrointestinal bleeding.

Stool Culture

Stool cultures are important in the diagnosis of enterocolitis and can also be used to guide treatment.

D-dimer

The specificity of diagnosing ischemic enteropathy is 92% when D-dimer is above 0.9 mg/L [7] .

Immunologic tests

Tests such as antinuclear antibody profile and neutrophil antibodies can assist in the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.

Imaging

Abdominal radiographs

It is not the first choice for examination. When there is clinical suspicion of intestinal obstruction or perforation, abdominal plain film (standing) can be performed to clarify the diagnosis and to differentiate.

In ischemic enteropathy, abdominal plain film shows thinning of the intestinal lumen, intestinal pneumatosis, disappearance of the colonic band, thickening of the intestinal wall, and in some severe cases, linear gas shadows in the colonic wall and pneumomediastinum can be seen.

Abdominal CT

It is mainly to check whether there is any lesion in abdominal organs such as liver, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen, or whether there is any obstruction of intestinal canal, accumulation of gas and fluid, etc. It can be used to identify diseases such as pancreatitis, ischemic bowel disease, intestinal obstruction and other diseases.

X-ray barium enema

It is mainly used to check whether there are ulcers and polyps in the colon, which can be used to identify some inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.

Mesenteric CTA

CTA has high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing mesenteric vascular embolism, and has high value in diagnosing acute mesenteric ischemia.

Endoscopy

Endoscopic examination includes colonoscopy, small bowel microscopy, capsule endoscopy and other methods.

It can directly observe the mucosa of colon and rectum, and if necessary, tissue biopsy and treatment are feasible.

Pathologic biopsy

Purpose: To obtain specimens of lesions through colonoscopy, surgery, etc., and perform pathological biopsy.

Significance: According to the pathological manifestations, the diagnosis can be clarified.

Differential diagnosis

Intestinal tuberculosis

Similarity: both have symptoms of abdominal pain.

Differences:

Intestinal tuberculosis may have symptoms of tuberculosis poisoning, such as low-grade fever, night sweats, malaise, loss of appetite, etc. Some patients have hemoptysis, and women may have menstrual irregularities, whereas enterocolitis does not have these symptoms.

Intestinal tuberculosis can have positive tuberculin test, stool culture can find tuberculosis branch bacilli, colonoscopy can be typical of caseous granuloma performance, while enterocolitis does not have a positive tuberculin test, colonoscopy without granulomatous changes.

Irritable bowel syndrome:

Similarities: both may have symptoms of abdominal pain and diarrhea.

Points of difference:

Irritable bowel syndrome is a gastrointestinal dysfunction disease caused by phytoneurologic dysfunction, mostly related to mental factors.

Clinical manifestations of gastrointestinal symptoms, in addition to abdominal pain, diarrhea, there will be neurogenic belching, colonic irritability, splenic area syndrome, etc., and enterocolitis does not have these clinical manifestations.

The auxiliary examination of irritable bowel syndrome has no abnormal findings, while enteritis may have positive fecal occult blood, fecal culture of pathogens, enteroscopy has inflammation, and so on.

Treatment

Aim of treatment: alleviate symptoms, control disease progression, prevent and reduce complications.

Treatment principle: mainly internal conservative treatment, pay attention to remove the causative factors, actively apply drugs for treatment, and at the same time pay attention to prevent dehydration, electrolyte disorders and other conditions.

General treatment

In mild cases, easy-to-digest fluid food can be eaten.

Serious patients should be strictly fasting, and give intravenous fluids to supplement nutritional therapy.

When the abdominal pain is severe, drugs such as atropine and scopolamine can be applied to slow down the intestinal peristalsis and reduce the secretion of intestinal fluid, which can help to relieve pain.

If vomiting or severe dehydration occurs, water and electrolytes can be supplemented intravenously.

Medication

Anti-infective drugs

Viral enteritis usually does not need antiviral treatment, and can be cured by symptomatic treatment.

For bacterial enteritis, it is best to use antimicrobial drugs according to the results of bacterial drug sensitivity.

For example, in the case of bacterial dysentery, compound sulfamethoxazole, levofloxacin, gentamicin and so on can be used.

If Campylobacter jejuni enteritis can be treated with erythromycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol and so on.

For Escherichia coli can be treated with meropenem, amitraz, cefepime and amikacin.

In case of enteritis caused by amoebic dysentery, Yaws flagellates and trichomonas, it can be treated with metronidazole.

If schistosomiasis is present, treat with praziquantel.

If you have Candida albicans enteritis, you can apply fluconazole, voriconazole and dictyostelium B to treat it.

Drugs to regulate intestinal flora

Such as bifidobacteria, lactobacillus, etc., can correct the intestinal flora imbalance, and also have a certain effect on the prevention of antibiotic-induced intestinal flora disorders.

Anti-diarrhea drugs

Applicable to the presence of significant diarrhea in patients, commonly used drugs such as trimethoprim and montelukast.

Antispasmodic and analgesic drugs

Suitable for patients with very pronounced pain.

Commonly used drugs are atropine, scopolamine and so on.

Precautions: Increased intracranial pressure, acute stage of cerebral hemorrhage, glaucoma, pyloric obstruction, intestinal obstruction and prostate hypertrophy are prohibited.

Glucocorticoid

Applicable to autoimmune diseases caused by sigmoiditis.

Commonly used drugs are methylprednisolone, prednisone and so on.

Precautions: Some patients may experience adverse reactions such as hirsutism, hypokalemia, hypertension, and diabetes after using such drugs. It is strictly prohibited for severe psychiatric patients, epileptic patients, peptic ulcer, bone fracture, trauma repair period, severe hypertension, pregnant women and other people.

Immunosuppressants

When glucocorticoids are ineffective or weak for inflammatory bowel disease, immunosuppressants such as azathioprine, methotrexate, tacrolimus, etc. can be added.

Aminosalicylic acid preparations

Applicable to those caused by inflammatory bowel disease.

Commonly used drugs are mainly osalazine, mesalazine and so on.

Biological agents

Applicable to patients with enteritis due to inflammatory bowel disease, when the use of aminosalicylic acid preparations, immunosuppressive drugs treatment effect is not obvious.

Commonly used drugs include infliximab, adalimumab and so on.

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)

Patients with enteritis can be treated with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).

The main formula for enteritis in the form of damp-heat in the large intestine is Paeonia lactiflora soup plus subtractions, with medicines such as Huanglian, Scutellaria baicalensis, Bupleurum, Mucuna pruriens, Fried Angelica sinensis, Fried Paeonia lactiflora, Shengdiyu, Ampelopsis japonica, and Shengglycao.

Spleen deficiency and dampness evidence type of enteritis, the main formula of ginseng and atractylodes macrocephala with additions and subtractions, drugs have Codonopsis pilosula, poria, fried atractylodes macrocephala, Chinese yam, sand nuts, Chen Pi, Platycodon grandiflorus, wood xiang, Huang Lian, Di Yu, roasted licorice and so on.

The main formula of cold and heat syndrome type enteritis is Umei Pill plus and minus, the drugs include Umei, Huanglian, Huangbai, Cinnamon, Cinnamon, Xinxin, Codonopsis, Dry Ginger, Fried Angelica Sinensis, Prepared Sliced Parsley and other drugs.

Liver depression and spleen deficiency type of enteritis, the main formula of pain and diarrhea if the four reverse powder plus and minus, the drugs have Chen Pi, fried atractylodes macrocephala, fried Paeonia lactiflora, Fangfeng, fried Chaihu, fried Citrus aurantium, Codonopsis pilosulae, Poria, roasted licorice and so on.

Spleen and kidney yang deficiency evidence type enteritis main formula four god pill plus reduction, the drugs have tonic fat, nutmeg, schizandra, Wu Zhu Zi, ginger, jujube and other drugs.

Yin and blood deficiency type enteritis, the main prescription of Zhuxingwan plus reduction, the drugs have Huanglian, Colla Corii Asini, Angelica sinensis, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata, Maitong, Paeonia lactiflora, Ophiopogon, Dendrobium officinale, Chinese yam, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae.

Surgery

If enteritis is complicated by intestinal perforation, intestinal hemorrhage and other complications, and when conservative treatment by internal medicine is ineffective, surgical treatment can be performed. The surgical method is mostly to remove the diseased intestinal segment to achieve the purpose of treatment.

When obstruction, bleeding, intestinal necrosis, perforation and fistula occur in chronic radiation injury, surgical resection of diseased intestinal tubes is required due to the irreversibility of chronic ischemia and fibrosis of intestinal tubes.

Interventional therapy

If the diagnosis of non-occlusive intestinal ischemia is confirmed, vasodilators, such as opioid, can be infused into the arteries via an angiographic catheter. Repeated angiography is required during the period of administration of the medication in order to dynamically observe the status of vasospasm.

Prognosis

Cure

For some mild cases of enteritis, the intestinal mucosa can be repaired by itself after reasonable diet and symptomatic treatment, and the disease can be cured by itself.

For old and frail patients with serious conditions, if they cannot be treated in time, complications may occur, such as intestinal perforation, intestinal bleeding, etc., and may even lead to shock due to obvious dehydration, which may jeopardize the patient’s life.

Some patients with enteritis caused by infectious factors have a good prognosis after active anti-infective treatment.

For some patients with enteritis caused by dysregulation of the immune mechanism, the condition is prone to recurrent episodes and the overall prognosis is relatively poor.

Daily

Daily Management

Dietary management

During exacerbation: patients should only eat liquid food. If diarrhea symptoms are more severe or there is a lot of sweating, it is necessary to supplement with light saline to prevent the imbalance of water and electrolytes in the body.

Disease recovery period: patients should eat light and easy to digest semi-liquid food, small meals, strengthen nutrition.

Avoid eating unclean food, greasy and spicy stimulating food.

Life management

Quit smoking and limit alcohol, forbid eating coffee and strong tea.

Participate in physical exercise to enhance immunity.

Psychological management

Maintain a happy mood and avoid emotional irritability and nervousness.

Follow-up and review

During and after treatment, regular review of blood routine, C-reactive protein, stool routine, colonoscopy, etc. should be carried out as prescribed by the doctor to check the recovery of the patient’s enteritis.

Prevention

Regularly wash and disinfect dishes and chopsticks used for serving meals, as well as chopping boards and cutlery used for cooking.

Avoid ingesting food and water that may be contaminated, and avoid drinking raw water and eating raw food.

Keep your abdomen warm and avoid exertion, cold and flu.

When taking antibiotics, go to the hospital for regular checkups and adjust the dosage or stop the medication as prescribed by the doctor.

For people with high risk factors as mentioned above, they should be screened regularly with stool examination and colonoscopy for early detection, diagnosis and treatment.