Myelodysplastic syndrome is not a terminal disease, but only a hematologic disorder with malignant cloning and proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells that can have a high risk of transformation to acute leukemia. Moreover, the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome is not very effective and the prognosis is generally poor. The main treatment for myelodysplastic syndrome is chemotherapy administered orally or intravenously, and bone marrow transplantation is also an option, as the survival period of patients may be relatively longer after bone marrow transplantation. Myelodysplastic syndrome can lead to a decrease in the body’s immune system and can also be particularly prone to infection, bleeding, and can be life-threatening, with complications such as infection, fever, and the risk of anemic heart disease. A bone marrow peripheral blood smear is necessary to diagnose this disease, and in terms of treatment, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can be performed, followed by symptomatic treatment according to the symptoms.